Accurate determination of geographic location and three-dimensional orientation of objects recovered from the subsurface has numerous applications in the environmental, engineering and historical sciences, to name but a few major areas of research. Studies relying on accurate representations of natural and man-made objects in-situ prior to removal from soil, rock, and other substrates exist in a variety of disciplines. A case study exploring geolocation and visualization of vertebrate fossils using three-dimensional geospatial technologies provides an example method of establishing accurate geolocation and visual depiction of objects found underground. Interpretation of archaeological and paleontological finds is enhanced through knowledge of precise relative position of objects. The 3D objects were constructed through a 3D scanning process and a procedure for digitally reconstructing the real-world placement of the objects in the subsurface was developed. The problems and solutions described in this study can be adapted for use in a variety of scientific fields.

准确确定从地下回收的物体的地理位置和三维定向在环境，工程和历史科学中具有众多应用，仅举几个主要研究领域。研究依托自然和人造物体的精确表示原位在从土壤，岩石和其他底物中清除之前，存在多种学科。通过使用三维地理空间技术探索脊椎动物化石的地理定位和可视化的案例研究，提供了建立准确的地理定位和对地下发现的物体进行视觉描绘的示例方法。通过了解对象的精确相对位置，可以增强对考古和古生物学发现的解释。通过3D扫描过程构造了3D对象，并开发了一种数字方法重建对象在地下的真实世界的程序。本研究中描述的问题和解决方案可适用于各种科学领域。