The intent to totally reconstruct society and human identity was a basic notion of the Soviet project. Funerals and the death care industry were no exception. The Decree on Funerals and Cemeteries on 7 December 1918 stated the need to construct a new funeral rite based on a new death care industry: the radical escape from Orthodox ritual tradition, an ‘equal’ funeral rite for every citizen, new ‘un-religious’ funeral practices, and, finally, the ‘fiery burial’ – cremation – as a most perfect burial, both ideologically and aesthetically. This new ‘death care policy’ also included the nationalization of the private death care industry and guarantees for any working person to be properly buried at the state’s expense. The practical implementation of these ideas, however, resulted in the immediate and total collapse of the death care industry in early Soviet Russia. This article depicts the early efforts of the Bolshevik regime in the radical and thorough reforming of the death care industry in Russia, and it discusses how the aftermath of these activities and the costs of the ‘new death administration’ ended in the quiet restoration of pre-revolutionary death procedures. It also argues that the implementation of class-based funeral fees in 1923 was one of the first steps towards creating new Soviet social estates that became official in the Soviet passport system in 1932.

中文翻译：

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苏联殡葬服务：从道德经济到社会福利再回来

彻底重建社会和人类身份的意图是苏联项目的基本概念。葬礼和殡葬业也不例外。1918 年 12 月 7 日的葬礼和墓地法令指出，有必要在新的殡葬行业的基础上构建新的葬礼：彻底摆脱东正教仪式传统，为每个公民提供“平等”的葬礼，新的“非宗教” '葬礼实践，最后，'火葬'——火葬——作为一种最完美的葬礼，无论是在意识形态上还是美学上。这项新的“殡葬政策”还包括将私人殡葬业国有化，并保证任何工作人员都可以由国家出资妥善安葬。然而，这些想法的实际实施，导致苏联早期的殡葬业立即彻底崩溃。这篇文章描述了布尔什维克政权对俄罗斯殡葬业进行彻底彻底改革的早期努力，并讨论了这些活动的后果和“新死亡管理”的成本如何以平静恢复前任而告终。 - 革命性的死亡程序。它还认为，1923 年实行基于阶级的丧葬费是朝着创建新的苏联社会阶层迈出的第一步，该社会阶层于 1932 年在苏联护照系统中正式生效。并讨论了这些活动的后果和“新死亡管理”的成本如何以安静地恢复革命前的死亡程序而告终。它还认为，1923 年实行基于阶级的丧葬费是朝着创建新的苏联社会阶层迈出的第一步，该社会阶层于 1932 年在苏联护照系统中正式生效。并讨论了这些活动的后果和“新死亡管理”的成本如何以安静地恢复革命前的死亡程序而告终。它还认为，1923 年实行基于阶级的丧葬费是朝着创建新的苏联社会阶层迈出的第一步，该社会阶层于 1932 年在苏联护照系统中正式生效。