ABSTRACT

The Red Power movement of the 1960s and 1970s was not universally endorsed and accepted by all Native communities, particularly in areas where other forms of indigenous accommodation and resistance to settler colonialism had already developed long-term strategies. The situation in the U.S. South was complicated by issues of race, and must be understood in the historical context of, first, slavery, and subsequently, Jim Crow. In these systems, activism by non-White populations carried different meanings within the wider political economy of the region. Understanding the push and pull factors of a desegregating South is required to explain Virginia’s mid-century indigenous political landscape. Attention should be given to the various and multiple reasons for Native community action in each specific context, especially to race-based civil rights activism within a state where the Eugenics Movement, Racial Integrity, and the ‘one drop rule’ had historically loomed large. Like other states across the South, the Commonwealth of Virginia officially recognised eleven tribes of ‘Virginia Indians’ between 1983 and 2010, an outcome of post-Red Power indigenous political activism. Virginia tribes’ political positioning during the civil rights era requires an analysis that historically situates their long-term alliance building and strategic essentialism as alternative approaches to those that were promoted by Red Power.

摘要

1960年代和1970年代的红色力量运动并未得到所有原住民社区的普遍认可和接受，特别是在其他形式的原住民住宿和对定居者殖民主义的抵抗已经制定了长期战略的地区。种族问题使美国南部的局势复杂化，必须首先从奴隶制到后来的吉姆·克劳的历史背景下加以理解。在这些体系中，非白人人口的行动主义在该地区更广泛的政治经济中具有不同的含义。必须了解南方种族隔离的推动和拉动因素，才能解释弗吉尼亚州本世纪中叶的土著政治格局。在每种特定情况下，都应注意土著社区采取行动的多种原因，特别是在优生运动，种族廉正和“一滴法则”在历史上隐约可见的州内，基于种族的民权活动。像南方的其他州一样，弗吉尼亚联邦在1983年至2010年之间正式承认了11个“弗吉尼亚印第安人”部落，这是后红色力量土著政治活动主义的产物。弗吉尼亚部落在民权时代的政治定位需要进行分析，从历史上讲，长期联盟的建立和战略本质主义是红动力所倡导的替代方法。1983年至2010年间，弗吉尼亚联邦正式认可了11个“弗吉尼亚印第安人”部落，这是后红色力量土著人民政治活动的产物。弗吉尼亚部落在民权时代的政治定位需要进行分析，从历史上讲，长期联盟的建立和战略本质主义是红动力所倡导的替代方法。1983年至2010年间，弗吉尼亚联邦正式认可了11个“弗吉尼亚印第安人”部落，这是后红色力量土著人民政治活动的产物。弗吉尼亚部落在民权时代的政治定位需要进行分析，从历史上讲，长期联盟的建立和战略本质主义是红动力所倡导的替代方法。