ABSTRACT How should a pacifist approach both extremism and counter-extremism? Through exploring definitions of extremism alongside pacifist scholarship, the paper argues that pacifism itself appears to be “extreme”, allowing extremism to be examined from an extreme perspective. But does counter-extremism engender peace? The paper identifies three dominant definitions of counter-extremism: a promotion of nonviolence, of liberal democratic values, and of tolerance. While counter-extremism appears to engender peace, the paper exposes the ways in which countering extremism promotes violence: a “nonviolence” which legitimises state violence; an ethnocentric homogenisation of liberal democratic values which alienates ethnic minorities, and a narrow sphere of tolerated pluralism which transforms non-hegemonic values into threats. The paper argues that to promote peace, pacifists must contribute to the reconceptualisation of extremism. The paper suggests that instead of depicting challenges to hegemonic values as “antagonisms” that threaten, agonistic spaces are required such that “extremism” need not be countered but encountered.

中文翻译：

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对抗极端主义的和平主义方法

摘要 和平主义者应该如何处理极端主义和反极端主义？通过与和平主义学术探讨极端主义的定义，该论文认为和平主义本身似乎是“极端的”，允许从极端的角度来审视极端主义。但反极端主义能带来和平吗？该论文确定了反极端主义的三个主要定义：促进非暴力、自由民主价值观和宽容。虽然反极端主义似乎能带来和平，但本文揭示了反极端主义促进暴力的方式：使国家暴力合法化的“非暴力”；一种疏远少数民族的自由民主价值观的种族中心化同质化，以及将非霸权价值观转变为威胁的狭隘多元化领域。该论文认为，为了促进和平，和平主义者必须为极端主义的重新概念化做出贡献。该论文建议，与其将对霸权价值观的挑战描述为威胁的“对抗”，还需要对抗性的空间，这样“极端主义”不需要被反击，而是被遭遇。