Abstract Illegitimate biases of non-independent judges represent a threat to the legitimacy of international sport competitions. Judges’ nationalities represent one source of bias, as they consciously or subconsciously may prefer athletes from their own nation. Such biases may affect the outcomes of competitions. The literature offers no complete consensus on the magnitude, origin and stability of such biases. In this paper, we shed light on these problems, using international ski jumping as an example. We draw on data from the FIS World Cup competitions in the 2006–2008 and 2015–2016 seasons and estimate a series of fixed-effects models to test hypotheses on nationalistic biases. Our results reaffirm suspicions of nationalistic bias in major ski jumping competitions, but also show their magnitude is too little to be of major relevance to competition outcomes. The biases vary between nations, but do not change markedly over the study period. Abbreviation: FIS: Federation International de Ski.

中文翻译：

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运动表现评估中的民族主义偏见：以跳台滑雪世界杯为例

摘要 非独立裁判的不正当偏见对国际体育赛事的合法性构成威胁。裁判的国籍代表了偏见的一种来源，因为他们可能有意或无意地偏爱自己国家的运动员。这种偏见可能会影响比赛的结果。文献对此类偏差的大小、起源和稳定性没有提供完全的共识。在本文中，我们以国际跳台滑雪为例，阐明了这些问题。我们利用 2006-2008 和 2015-2016 赛季 FIS 世界杯比赛的数据并估计了一系列固定效应模型来检验关于民族主义偏见的假设。我们的结果再次证实了重大跳台滑雪比赛中存在民族主义偏见的怀疑，但也表明它们的规模太小，与比赛结果无关。不同国家之间的偏差有所不同，但在研究期间不会发生显着变化。缩写：FIS：国际滑雪联合会。