ABSTRACT We investigated how item formats influence test takers’ response tendencies under uncertainty. Adult participants solved content-equivalent math items in three formats: multiple-selection multiple-choice, grid with forced-choice (true-false) options, and grid with non-forced-choice options. Participants showed a greater tendency to commit (rather than omit) responses in the grid items, in both forced-choice and non-forced-choice types, compared to the multiple-selection multiple-choice items. These findings relate to the theoretical framework of affordances, which predicts that the design of interactive artifacts can shape one’s perception of action opportunities. The results of a signal detection analysis provided additional evidence that the item formats affected participants’ response bias. The current research suggests that cognitive science principles could provide an in-depth understanding of test takers’ cognition in new item formats.

中文翻译：

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替代项目格式的应试者反应倾向：一种认知科学方法

摘要我们研究了项目格式在不确定性下如何影响应试者的反应倾向。成年参与者以三种格式解决了与内容相当的数学项目：多项选择多项选择，具有强制选择（真-假）选项的网格和具有非强制选择选项的网格。与强制选择和非强制选择类型相比，参与者在网格项目中表现出更大的倾向（而不是忽略）响应，包括强制选择和非强制选择类型。这些发现与负担能力的理论框架有关，后者预测了互动人工制品的设计可以塑造人们对行动机会的感知。信号检测分析的结果提供了其他证据，表明项目格式影响了参与者的反应偏见。