Reef rugosity, a metric of three-dimensional habitat complexity, is a central determinant of reef condition and multi-trophic occupancy including corals, fishes and invertebrates. As a result, spatially explicit information on reef rugosity is needed for conservation and management activities ranging from fisheries to coral protection and restoration. Across archipelagos comprising islands of varying geologic stage and age, rugosity naturally varies at multiple spatial scales based on island emergence, subsidence, and erosion. Reef rugosity may also be changing due to human impacts on corals such as marine heatwaves and nearshore coastal development. Using a new high-resolution, large-area mapping technique based on airborne imaging spectroscopy, we mapped the rugosity of reefs to 22 m depth throughout the eight Main Hawaiian Islands. We quantified inter- and intra-island variation in reef rugosity at fine (2 m) and coarse (6 m) spatial resolutions, and tested potential abiotic and human drivers of rugosity patterns. We found that water depth and reef slope remain the dominant drivers of fine- and coarse-scale rugosity, but nearshore development is a secondary driver of rugosity. Our results and maps can be used by fisheries management and reef conservations to track geologic versus human impacts on reefs, design effective marine managed areas, and execute activities to improve reef resilience.

珊瑚礁的褶皱度是三维生境复杂性的度量标准，是珊瑚礁状况和包括珊瑚，鱼类和无脊椎动物在内的多营养类生物的重要决定因素。结果，从渔业到珊瑚保护和恢复的保护和管理活动都需要在空间上明确了解礁石褶皱的信息。在由不同地质阶段和年龄的岛屿组成的群岛中，皱纹自然会根据岛屿的出现，下陷和侵蚀在多个空间尺度上自然变化。由于人类对珊瑚的影响（例如海洋热浪和近岸沿海发展），珊瑚礁的皱纹度也可能正在发生变化。使用一种新的基于航空成像光谱的高分辨率，大面积制图技术，我们在整个八个夏威夷主要岛屿上，将珊瑚礁的mapped曲度绘制到22 m深度。我们在精细（2 m）和粗糙（6 m）的空间分辨率下量化了岛间和岛内珊瑚礁褶皱的变化，并测试了皱纹模式的潜在非生物和人类驱动因素。我们发现水深和礁石坡度仍然是细度和粗度皱纹的主要驱动力，而近岸发展是皱纹的次要驱动力。我们的结果和地图可用于渔业管理和礁石保护，以跟踪地质对人类对礁石的影响，设计有效的海洋管理区，并开展旨在提高礁石复原力的活动。但是近岸开发是回发展的次要驱动力。我们的结果和地图可用于渔业管理和礁石保护，以追踪地质对人类对礁石的影响，设计有效的海洋管理区，并开展旨在提高礁石复原力的活动。但是近岸开发是回发展的次要驱动力。我们的结果和地图可用于渔业管理和礁石保护，以跟踪地质对人类对礁石的影响，设计有效的海洋管理区，并开展旨在提高礁石复原力的活动。