The adipose tissue has been recognized as an active organ involved in numerous metabolic, hormonal and immunological processes. Obesity and associated chronic inflammation leads to many metabolic and autoimmune disorders. The number of cells, their phenotype and distribution in adipose tissue depends on the degree of obesity. Polarization of macrophages towards M1, neutrophils influx to adipose tissue, activation of Th1 and Th17 cells and increased level of proinflammatory cytokines are characteristic for obesity-induced inflammation. Several mechanisms, such as adipocytes’ hypoxia, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, impairment of PPAR receptors, inflammasomes’ activation and activation of TLR are involved into development of chronic obesity-induced inflammation. A better understanding of this processes can provide new treatments for obesity and related disorders.

中文翻译：

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肥胖与慢性炎症交联

脂肪组织被认为是参与许多代谢，激素和免疫学过程的活性器官。肥胖症和相关的慢性炎症导致许多代谢和自身免疫性疾病。细胞的数量，它们的表型和在脂肪组织中的分布取决于肥胖程度。肥胖引起的炎症的特征是巨噬细胞向M1极化，嗜中性粒细胞流入脂肪组织，Th1和Th17细胞活化以及促炎细胞因子水平升高。几种机制，例如脂肪细胞的缺氧，氧化应激，内质网应激，PPAR受体受损，炎性小体的激活和TLR的激活，都参与了慢性肥胖引起的炎症的发展。