A number of notions in the fields of motor control and kinesthetic perception have been used without clear definitions. In this review, we consider definitions for efference copy, percept, and sense of effort based on recent studies within the physical approach, which assumes that the neural control of movement is based on principles of parametric control and involves defining time-varying profiles of spatial referent coordinates for the effectors. The apparent redundancy in both motor and perceptual processes is reconsidered based on the principle of abundance. Abundance of efferent and afferent signals is viewed as the means of stabilizing both salient action characteristics and salient percepts formalized as stable manifolds in high-dimensional spaces of relevant elemental variables. This theoretical scheme has led recently to a number of novel predictions and findings. These include, in particular, lower accuracy in perception of variables produced by elements involved in a multi-element task compared to the same elements in single-element tasks, dissociation between motor and perceptual effects of muscle co-activation, force illusions induced by muscle vibration, and errors in perception of unintentional drifts in performance. Taken together, these results suggest that participation of efferent signals in perception frequently involves distorted copies of actual neural commands, particularly those to antagonist muscles. Sense of effort is associated with such distorted efferent signals. Distortions in efference copy happen spontaneously and can also be caused by changes in sensory signals, e.g., those produced by muscle vibration.

中文翻译：

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动觉知觉中的效应副本：它是什么副本？

在没有明确定义的情况下使用了运动控制和运动知觉领域的许多概念。在这篇综述中，我们根据物理方法中的最新研究来考虑影响复制、感知和努力感的定义，该方法假设运动的神经控制基于参数控制原理，并涉及定义随时间变化的空间分布图。效应器的参考坐标。运动和知觉过程中明显的冗余是基于丰富的原则重新考虑的。丰富的传出和传入信号被视为稳定显着动作特征和显着感知的手段，这些显着感知被形式化为相关元素变量的高维空间中的稳定流形。这种理论方案最近导致了许多新的预测和发现。这些特别包括，与单元素任务中的相同元素相比，多元素任务中涉及的元素产生的变量的感知精度较低，肌肉共同激活的运动和感知效应之间的分离，肌肉引起的力错觉振动，以及对性能无意漂移的感知错误。综上所述，这些结果表明，参与感知的传出信号经常涉及实际神经命令的扭曲副本，尤其是拮抗肌的那些。努力感与这种扭曲的传出信号有关。效应复制中的扭曲是自发发生的，也可能是由感觉信号的变化引起的，例如，