Our study aimed to assess the potential of indices, including grain protein deviation and protein yield, to simultaneously improve grain yield and protein content in triticale. Our analysis of 1.218 triticale genotypes revealed significant genotypic variation and high heritabilities for all traits. We analysed the suitability of the indices for phenotypic selection for both high grain yield and increased protein content. We show that some genotypes were selected irrespective of the applied index, but also observed considerable differences between the indices. To uncover the genetic architecture of grain yield, protein content and derived indices, we performed genome‐wide association mapping and biparental QTL mapping. This revealed many pleiotropic QTL with opposite effects on grain yield and protein content and a complex inheritance of all traits, suggesting that the genetic architecture limits the potential of marker‐assisted selection. Nevertheless, the use of these indices is recommended for breeding of special‐purpose cultivars, like high‐protein cultivars for on‐farm feed production.

中文翻译：

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表型指标的遗传结构，可同时提高黑小麦（×小黑麦）中蛋白质含量和籽粒产量

我们的研究旨在评估包括谷物蛋白质偏差和蛋白质产量在内的各项指标同时提高黑小麦中谷物产量和蛋白质含量的潜力。我们对1.218小黑麦基因型的分析显示，所有性状均具有明显的基因型变异和高遗传力。我们分析了高产和高蛋白含量的表型选择指标的适用性。我们表明，选择了一些基因型，与所应用的指标无关，但也观察到了指标之间的显着差异。为了揭示谷物产量，蛋白质含量和衍生指标的遗传结构，我们进行了全基因组关联映射和双亲QTL映射。这表明许多多效性QTL对谷物产量和蛋白质含量具有相反的影响，并且对所有性状都有复杂的遗传，提示遗传结构限制了标记辅助选择的潜力。但是，建议使用这些指数来育种特殊用途的品种，例如用于农场饲料生产的高蛋白品种。