The existence of stable nanoscopic gaseous domains in liquids, or nanobubbles, has attracted both scepticism and intrigue, since classical theory predicts that spherical gas bubbles cannot achieve stable equilibrium. Can we prove these gaseous domains exist, and if they do, how do they survive? We critically review contemporary theoretical perspectives of the stability of surface and bulk nanobubbles, and explain how experiments either vindicate or disprove them. We then conclude with a discussion of unanswered questions and propose future directions for the field at large.

中文翻译：

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表面和整体纳米气泡的稳定性

由于经典理论预测球形气泡无法达到稳定的平衡，因此液体或纳米气泡中稳定的纳米级气态域的存在吸引了怀疑和阴谋。我们能否证明这些气态域存在，如果存在，它们如何生存？我们批判性地回顾了当代关于表面和整体纳米气泡稳定性的理论观点，并解释了实验如何证明或反证它们。然后，我们以对未解决问题的讨论作为结尾，并提出整个领域的未来方向。