In the current study, we investigate the dynamic association of tourism, renewable energy, income, foreign direct investment (FDI), and carbon dioxide (CO₂e) for Pakistan over 1990–2017. We established four plausible hypotheses and verified by employing the autoregressive distributed lags model and Granger causality based on vector error correction model (VECM). Considering the cointegration relationship between the variables, the outcomes of autoregressive distributed lags suggested that tourism increases economic growth, and economic growth induces tourism in the long-run, thus confirming tourism-led development, and growth-led tourism hypothesis; similarly, the tourism generates CO₂e emissions, which supported the tourism-led emission hypothesis. The role of renewable energy consumption found to be a significant moderator, thus helping to enrich tourism, accelerating economic growth, and combating CO₂e in the country. VECM causal results indicated the significant bidirectional causal linkages between tourism and economic growth—another causality found between tourism and CO₂e. There is one-way causality from FDI and renewable energy towards income simultaneously. Overall, the designers of policies will find this study useful for policymaking at government levels for smooth economic growth, investment, and sustainable tourism sector.

在当前的研究中，我们调查了 1990-2017 年间巴基斯坦旅游业、可再生能源、收入、外国直接投资 (FDI) 和二氧化碳 (CO ₂ e) 的动态关联。我们建立了四个似是而非的假设，并通过采用自回归分布滞后模型和基于矢量纠错模型（VECM）的格兰杰因果关系进行了验证。考虑变量之间的协整关系，自回归分布滞后的结果表明，旅游业促进经济增长，经济增长长期诱导旅游业，从而印证了旅游业带动发展和增长带动旅游假说；同样，旅游业产生 CO ₂e 排放，这支持了旅游业主导的排放假说。可再生能源消费的作用被发现是一个重要的调节剂，从而有助于丰富旅游业，加速经济增长，并在该国对抗 CO _{2 e。}VECM 因果结果表明旅游业与经济增长之间存在显着的双向因果关系——旅游业与 CO ₂ e 之间存在的另一个因果关系。FDI 和可再生能源对收入同时存在单向因果关系。总体而言，政策设计者会发现这项研究有助于政府层面的政策制定，以实现平稳的经济增长、投资和可持续旅游业。