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Emissions of ultrafine particles from five types of candles during steady burn conditions
Indoor Air ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-10 , DOI: 10.1111/ina.12800 Berit B Rasmussen 1 , Kai Wang 1, 2 , Johan G Karstoft 1 , Søren N Skov 3, 4 , Morten Køcks 3 , Christina Andersen 5 , Aneta Wierzbicka 5 , Joakim Pagels 5 , Peter B Pedersen 3, 6 , Marianne Glasius 1 , Merete Bilde 1
Indoor Air ( IF 5.8 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-10 , DOI: 10.1111/ina.12800 Berit B Rasmussen 1 , Kai Wang 1, 2 , Johan G Karstoft 1 , Søren N Skov 3, 4 , Morten Køcks 3 , Christina Andersen 5 , Aneta Wierzbicka 5 , Joakim Pagels 5 , Peter B Pedersen 3, 6 , Marianne Glasius 1 , Merete Bilde 1
Affiliation
Emissions from candles are of concern for indoor air quality. In this work, five different types of pillar candles were burned under steady burn conditions in a new laboratory scale system for repeatable and controlled comparison of candle emissions (temperature ~25°C, relative humidity ~13%, O2 >18%, air exchange rate 1.9 h−1). Burn rate, particle number concentrations, mass concentrations, and mode diameters varied between candle types. Based on the results, the burning period was divided in two phases: initial (0–1 h) and stable (1–6 h). Burn rates were in the range 4.4–7.3 and 4.7–7.1 g/h during initial and stable phase, respectively. Relative particle number emissions, mode diameters, and mass concentrations were higher during the initial phase compared to the stable phase for a majority of the candles. We hypothesize that this is due to elevated emissions of wick additives upon ignition of the candle together with a slightly higher burn rate in the initial phase. Experiments at higher relative humidity (~40%) gave similar results with a tendency toward larger particle sizes at the higher relative humidity. Chemical composition with respect to inorganic salts was similar in the emitted particles (dry conditions) compared to the candlewicks, but with variations between different candles.
中文翻译:
五种蜡烛在稳定燃烧条件下的超细颗粒排放
蜡烛的排放是影响室内空气质量的重要因素。在这项工作中,五种不同类型的柱状蜡烛在新的实验室规模系统中在稳定燃烧条件下燃烧,以可重复和受控地比较蜡烛排放量(温度 ~25°C,相对湿度 ~13%,O 2 >18%,空气汇率 1.9 h −1)。燃烧速率、粒子数浓度、质量浓度和模式直径因蜡烛类型而异。根据结果,燃烧期分为两个阶段:初始(0-1 小时)和稳定(1-6 小时)。在初始阶段和稳定阶段,燃烧速率分别在 4.4-7.3 和 4.7-7.1 g/h 的范围内。与大多数蜡烛的稳定阶段相比,初始阶段的相对粒子数发射、模式直径和质量浓度更高。我们假设这是由于点燃蜡烛时灯芯添加剂的排放量增加以及初始阶段的燃烧速率略高所致。在较高相对湿度 (~40%) 下的实验给出了类似的结果,在较高的相对湿度下有较大粒径的趋势。
更新日期:2021-02-10
中文翻译:
五种蜡烛在稳定燃烧条件下的超细颗粒排放
蜡烛的排放是影响室内空气质量的重要因素。在这项工作中,五种不同类型的柱状蜡烛在新的实验室规模系统中在稳定燃烧条件下燃烧,以可重复和受控地比较蜡烛排放量(温度 ~25°C,相对湿度 ~13%,O 2 >18%,空气汇率 1.9 h −1)。燃烧速率、粒子数浓度、质量浓度和模式直径因蜡烛类型而异。根据结果,燃烧期分为两个阶段:初始(0-1 小时)和稳定(1-6 小时)。在初始阶段和稳定阶段,燃烧速率分别在 4.4-7.3 和 4.7-7.1 g/h 的范围内。与大多数蜡烛的稳定阶段相比,初始阶段的相对粒子数发射、模式直径和质量浓度更高。我们假设这是由于点燃蜡烛时灯芯添加剂的排放量增加以及初始阶段的燃烧速率略高所致。在较高相对湿度 (~40%) 下的实验给出了类似的结果,在较高的相对湿度下有较大粒径的趋势。