Within the gastrointestinal tract, the physiochemical microenvironments are highly diversified among the different stages of food digestion. Accordingly, gut microbiome composition and function vary at different gut sites. In this study, we examine and compare the compositional and functional potential between the stomach and colonic microbiome of wild Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui) living in the evergreen forest of Yakushima Island. We find a significantly lower microbial diversity in the stomach than in the colon, possibly due to the stomach's acidic and aerobic environment, which is suboptimal for microbial survival. According to past studies, the microbial taxa enriched in the stomach are aero‐ and acid‐tolerant. By functional prediction through PICRUSt2, we reveal that the stomach microbiome is more enriched in pathways relating to the metabolism of simple sugars. On the contrary, the colonic microbiota is more enriched with fiber‐degrading microbes, such as those from Lachnospiracea, Ruminococcaceae, and Prevotella. Our study shows a clear difference in the microbiome between the stomach and colon of Japanese macaques in both composition and function. This study provides a preliminary look at the alpha diversity and taxonomic composition within the stomach microbiome of Japanese macaques, a hindgut‐fermenting nonhuman primate.

中文翻译：

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野生日本猕猴的胃和结肠微生物组

在胃肠道内，在食物消化的不同阶段，理化微环境高度多样化。因此，肠道微生物组的组成和功能在不同的肠道部位有所不同。在这项研究中，我们检查并比较了野生日本猕猴 ( Macaca fuscata yakui)胃和结肠微生物组之间的组成和功能潜力。）生活在屋久岛的常绿林中。我们发现胃中的微生物多样性明显低于结肠，这可能是由于胃的酸性和需氧环境不利于微生物生存。根据过去的研究，胃中富含的微生物类群是耐气耐酸的。通过 PICRUSt2 的功能预测，我们发现胃微生物组在与单糖代谢相关的途径中更加丰富。相反，结肠微生物群更富含纤维降解微生物，例如来自毛螺菌科、瘤胃球菌科和普氏菌属的微生物。. 我们的研究表明，日本猕猴的胃和结肠之间的微生物组在组成和功能方面存在明显差异。这项研究初步了解了日本猕猴（一种后肠发酵的非人类灵长类动物）胃微生物组中的 alpha 多样性和分类学组成。