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Investigation of elemental composition of ancient metal objects found in Khorasan-e Razavi Province of Iran using micro-PIXE technique
Archaeological and Anthropological Sciences ( IF 2.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-10 , DOI: 10.1007/s12520-020-01269-x
H. Basafa , D. Agha-Aligol , Parastoo Masjedi Khak

In this work, elemental composition of 18 metallic objects belonging to the Bronze Age found at the Kalate Shoori site in Neyshabur, northeastern Iran, is investigated using micro-PIXE technique. The aim of the analysis is to identify the type of alloys employed in the fabrication of the investigated objects based on their elemental composition and to measure their contents of trace elements. The results of the micro-PIXE analyses indicate that the investigated objects could be categorized in two main groups: The objects of the 1st group (11 objects) are made of copper–silver alloys in which copper content varies within 30–60 wt% while silver content varies within 25–40 wt%. The objects of the 2nd group (7 objects) are made of nearly pure copper with copper content varying within 85–97 wt%. Though all the investigated metallic objects are found in the Bronze Age layers of the Kalate Shoori site, amazingly, no traces of tin were observed in their elemental composition. The measured impurities in the investigated objects could be either due to the raw materials and minerals used in the extraction of copper and silver or due to the soil surrounding the buried objects. Examination of trace elements contents in the investigated objects reveal that objects with the base of copper–silver alloys (i.e., objects of the 1st group) were all fabricated from the same raw materials, while objects with the base of nearly pure copper (i.e., objects of the 2nd group) were fabricated from different mineral materials with either no arsenic content or with varying arsenic contents of more than 1.5 wt%. Comparison of the results of this work with the published data in the literature indicates that similar samples with the base of copper–silver alloys belonging to Bronze Age have already been found in Altin Tepe, Turkmenistan. It could then be concluded that similar techniques might have been employed in the two regions. Moreover, archeological findings at the Kalate Shoori site reveal that there should be cultural and commercial exchanges between this region and the Central Asia.



中文翻译:

使用micro-PIXE技术调查伊朗霍拉桑-拉扎维省发现的古代金属物体的元素组成

在这项工作中,使用微型PIXE技术研究了在伊朗东北部Neyshabur的Kalate Shoori工地发现的18个属于青铜时代的金属物体的元素组成。分析的目的是根据元素的成分来确定用于制造被调查对象的合金类型,并测量其痕量元素的含量。微型PIXE分析的结果表明,所研究的物体可以分为两大类:第一组的物体(11个物体)由铜银合金制成,其中铜含量在30-60 wt%之间变化,而银含量在25-40 wt%之间变化。第二组的物体(7个物体)由几乎纯铜制成,铜含量在85-97 wt%之间变化。尽管所有被调查的金属物体都在Kalate Shoori遗址的青铜时代发现,但令人惊讶的是,在其元素组成中未发现锡的痕迹。被调查物体中测得的杂质可能是由于提取铜和银时使用的原材料和矿物,也可能是由于掩埋物体周围的土壤所致。对被调查对象中微量元素含量的检查表明,以铜-银合金为基础的对象(即第一组对象)都是用相同的原材料制造的,而以几乎纯铜为基础的对象(即第一类对象)第二组物品)是由不同的矿物材料制成的,这些矿物材料要么不含砷,要么含砷量变化超过1.5 wt%。这项工作的结果与文献中已发表数据的比较表明,在土库曼斯坦的Altin Tepe已经发现了类似的样品,其铜-银合金的基底属于青铜时代。然后可以得出结论,在这两个地区可能已经采用了类似的技术。此外,Kalate Shoori遗址的考古发现表明,该地区与中亚之间应该进行文化和商业交流。

更新日期:2021-02-10
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