The Martini-Henry and other Martini-action rifles have played an important part in the cultural, martial, and commercial histories of Afghanistan. The Martini-Henry was the first purpose-designed breech-loading rifle adopted by the British military. Over the course of its lifespan, the Martini-Henry and its successors saw service in all corners of the British Empire, including Afghanistan and the neighbouring Northwest Frontier Province of British India. Afghan forces took quickly to the weapon. Copies of the Martini were produced in Afghanistan around the time of the Second Anglo-Afghan War (1878–1880), imported from Great Britain in subsequent years, and finally industrially produced at the Kabul Arsenal from 1894. These rifles helped Afghanistan’s emirs to put down rebellion and maintain control, before being turned back on the British during the Third Anglo-Afghan War of 1919. In recent years industrially-produced examples originating from Great Britain, Belgium, Austria, and from the Kabul Arsenal in Afghanistan—as well as craft-produced examples from the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa region of Pakistan—have proven popular mementos. Many of these are now held in private collections in the United States, United Kingdom, Europe, and elsewhere, often brought home by International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) troops and others who deployed to Afghanistan from 2001 onwards. Despite the popularity of Martini-type rifles purchased in Afghanistan, little has been written about the local history of these weapons. In this article, the authors aim to: present an overview of the history of the Martini-type rifle in Afghanistan; clearly articulate the models of Martini-type rifles produced in Afghanistan; explain how to identify where, when, and by whom these were made; and support their conclusions with analysis based upon a sizeable original dataset.

中文翻译：

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Panah-pur：阿富汗马提尼步枪的历史，1878-1925

Martini-Henry 和其他 Martini-action 步枪在阿富汗的文化、军事和商业历史中发挥了重要作用。Martini-Henry 是英国军方采用的第一支专门设计的后膛装填步枪。在其整个生命周期中，Martini-Henry 及其继任者在大英帝国的各个角落服役，包括阿富汗和邻近的英属印度西北边境省。阿富汗军队迅速拿起武器。马提尼的复制品是在第二次英阿战争（1878-1880 年）前后在阿富汗生产的，随后几年从英国进口，最终于 1894 年在喀布尔兵工厂工业化生产。这些步枪帮助阿富汗的埃米尔将镇压叛乱并保持控制，在 1919 年第三次英阿战争期间被英国拒之门外。近年来，工业生产的样机来自英国、比利时、奥地利和阿富汗的喀布尔兵工厂——以及来自巴基斯坦的开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦地区——已被证明是受欢迎的纪念品。其中许多现在被美国、英国、欧洲和其他地方的私人收藏，经常被国际安全援助部队 (ISAF) 部队和其他从 2001 年起部署到阿富汗的部队带回家。尽管在阿富汗购买的马提尼式步枪很受欢迎，但关于这些武器的当地历史却鲜有报道。在本文中，作者的目的是： 概述马提尼式步枪在阿富汗的历史；清楚地说明阿富汗生产的马提尼式步枪的型号；解释如何确定这些物品是在哪里、何时以及由谁制造的；并通过基于大量原始数据集的分析来支持他们的结论。