A large part of existing production activities within various past populations, from prehistoric to modern times, is now well known among the scientific community. Activities are one of the main notions that help to characterize past societies. During the Palaeolithic period, we usually refer to hunter-gatherer-forager groups, suggesting that the main activity related to their subsistence consists of hunting, gathering, and foraging. Similarly, for the next period, peoples were designated as farmers-breeders, and their everyday life included farming, breeding, or other similar activities. This concept also applies to more recent populations. One example that we usually talk about is pre-industrial societies, which refers to the period before the industrial revolution that occurred in the West during the first half of the nineteenth century. Regardless of the period, several indicators allow us to define and describe the different chores that were performed in past societies. From the tools to the activity markers on human bones during their lifetime to the production of artefacts, a wide area is open for study and discussion. To date, it has been possible to determine that certain individuals specialized in archery (Thomas 2014) or were part of horse riding populations (Pálfi and Dutour 1996; Baillif-Ducros et al. 2012) based on activity markers. Ceramic workshops can even be identified through specific manufacturers or designs (Murphy and Poblome 2016). Studies have also considered the social structure of these different activities, such as the ‘division of work’ according to gender, as mentioned by Leroi-Gourhan and Brézillon (1973) on the Magdalenian site of Pincevent or by Binford (1991) for the Nunamiut people. The International Labour Organization (2012) defines child labour as: ‘any form of work that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity, interferes with their schooling and that is harmful to physical and mental development’. This current definition carries a negative connotation that may not have existed in the past. However, we will try to avoid this denomination (except if we refer to the exploitation of children) and instead use the terms ‘activity’ and ‘work’. One may, then, wonder what were children’s roles within group production activities? This issue has rarely been considered for the immature cohort and the importance of the contribution that children of past societies made to the economy is still widely unexplored (Buchet et al. 2006). However, ethnography and history have long established the active participation of children in community work (Wileman 2005; AIDELF 2006). Archaeological evidence exists, such as in a mining network, where children, who are physically smaller, could reach

中文翻译：

---

工作中的孩子：在过去的社会中寻找证据

从史前到现代，各种过去人口中的大部分现有生产活动现在为科学界所熟知。活动是有助于描述过去社会特征的主要概念之一。在旧石器时代，我们通常提到狩猎-采集-觅食群体，这表明与他们生存相关的主要活动包括狩猎、采集和觅食。同样，在接下来的时期，人们被指定为农民-饲养员，他们的日常生活包括耕作、养殖或其他类似活动。这个概念也适用于最近的人群。我们通常谈论的一个例子是前工业社会，它指的是 19 世纪上半叶在西方发生的工业革命之前的时期。无论哪个时期，有几个指标使我们能够定义和描述过去社会中执行的不同家务。从工具到人一生中骨骼上的活动标记，再到人工制品的生产，广泛的领域可供研究和讨论。迄今为止，已经有可能根据活动标记确定某些专门从事射箭的人（Thomas 2014）或骑马人群的一部分（Pálfi 和 Dutour 1996；Baillif-Ducros 等人 2012）。甚至可以通过特定的制造商或设计来识别陶瓷作坊（Murphy 和 Poblome 2016）。研究还考虑了这些不同活动的社会结构，例如根据性别的“工作分工”，正如 Leroi-Gourhan 和 Brézillon (1973) 在 Pincevent 的 Magdalenian 遗址或 Binford (1991) 对 Nunamiut 人所提到的那样。国际劳工组织（2012 年）将童工定义为：“剥夺儿童的童年、他们的潜力和尊严、干扰他们的学业并有害于身心发展的任何形式的工作”。当前的定义带有过去可能不存在的负面含义。但是，我们将尽量避免使用这种名称（除非我们提到对儿童的剥削），而是使用“活动”和“工作”这两个术语。那么，一个人可以 想知道儿童在集体生产活动中的角色是什么？对于未成熟的群体而言，这个问题很少被考虑，过去社会的儿童对经济做出的贡献的重要性仍未得到广泛探索（Buchet 等人，2006 年）。然而，民族志和历史早已确立了儿童积极参与社区工作（Wileman 2005；AIDELF 2006）。考古证据存在，例如在采矿网络中，身体较小的儿童可以到达