ABSTRACT Using Jeffrey C. Alexander’s theory of cultural trauma, this article focuses on the three major types of narratives of suffering which appeared in Polish fiction, after Poland regained political independence in 1918, outside the strong myth-creating narrative of the Polish Legions’ role in the war for independence. It argues that Polish post-1918 fiction developed these three major paths in the face of suffering inflicted on Polish lands, during WWI and Polish-Soviet War. These paths were to: 1) continue the narrative of Polish suffering within the framework of heroic, and selfless, sacrifice for Poland that has been well established since Romanticism; 2) present suffering as the universal fate of humanity outside the notion of national identity, due to the monstrosity of modern bureaucratic systems wherein human beings are treated as objects; and 3) present suffering as the result of modern warfare, but told outside of “patriotic phraseology” – thus suggesting a growing need as to finding a solution to national conflicts outside narrowly defined identities.

中文翻译：

---

第一次世界大战和波苏战争对 1914 年后波兰小说中“苦难文化”的影响

摘要 本文运用杰弗里·C·亚历山大 (Jeffrey C. Alexander) 的文化创伤理论，重点关注波兰小说中出现的三种主要类型的苦难叙事，在波兰于 1918 年恢复政治独立后，波兰军团角色的强大神话创造叙事除外。在争取独立的战争中。它认为，面对第一次世界大战和波苏战争期间波兰土地遭受的苦难，1918 年后的波兰小说发展了这三种主要途径。这些路径是为了：1）在自浪漫主义以来已经确立的为波兰而英勇无私的牺牲的框架内，继续讲述波兰的苦难；2）将苦难作为民族认同概念之外的人类普遍命运，由于现代官僚系统的怪物，其中人类被视为对象；3) 呈现现代战争造成的苦难，但在“爱国用语”之外讲述——因此，越来越需要在狭隘的身份认同之外找到解决民族冲突的方法。