ABSTRACT Mongolia's transition to a democratic, market economy has created widespread change, especially among pastoral herders. Pastoralists have been depicted as archaic and independent ‘nomads’ who exist outside the modern economy. Still, pastoral culture is a key asset in tourism products and advertising. Tourism could provide fair economic benefits, but inclusive growth depends on how shareholders participate. Using interviews with tour company employees, I investigate how tour companies incorporate pastoralists into their products. The results demonstrate several barriers to inclusive growth. Companies feel individually responsible for managing tourism assets, and to maintain the guise of pastoral authenticity, they limit pastoralists’ participation in business through informal and contingent work contracts. These contracts reveal problematic asymmetry and give pastoralists little job security, control, or access to employee benefits. These circumstances oppose inclusive growth paradigms and demonstrate elements of precarious work. The shared interest in maintaining pastoral culture may unify this fragmented industry.

中文翻译：

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天生游牧？蒙古旅游的矛盾和不稳定工作

摘要 蒙古向民主、市场经济的过渡已经产生了广泛的变化，尤其是在牧民中。牧民被描述为存在于现代经济之外的古老而独立的“游牧民族”。尽管如此，田园文化仍然是旅游产品和广告的重要资产。旅游业可以提供公平的经济效益，但包容性增长取决于股东的参与方式。通过对旅游公司员工的采访，我调查了旅游公司如何将牧民融入他们的产品中。结果表明，包容性增长存在若干障碍。公司认为自己对管理旅游资产负有个人责任，为了保持牧民真实性的幌子，他们通过非正式和临时工作合同限制牧民参与商业活动。这些合同揭示了存在问题的不对称性，使牧民几乎没有工作保障、控制权或获得员工福利的机会。这些情况反对包容性增长范式，并展示了不稳定工作的要素。维护牧区文化的共同利益可能会统一这个分散的行业。