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From Hypotext to Hypertext and (Hyper-)Space Opera: Schiller’s Don Karlos, Verdi’s Don Carlo, and George Lucas’ Star Wars
The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory Pub Date : 2020-01-02 , DOI: 10.1080/00168890.2019.1696500
Jeffrey L. High 1
Affiliation  

Abstract Friedrich Schiller's long journey to Hollywood began in the late eighteenth-century with the early resonance of his dramas on U.S. stages. After rising to prominence in the nineteenth century, Schiller's dramas all but disappeared from the U.S. repertoire due to anti-German hostility during the First and Second World Wars. In an ironic twist, WWII led to an influx of German-speaking thinkers and artists into the U.S., a development that impacted university curricula nationwide, which in part explains Schiller's influence on, among other artistic movements, the films of New Hollywood Cinema. George Lucas experienced this confluence of educational and artistic environments at its height while at USC in the 1960s. In 1977, Lucas called Star Wars: A New Hope a “space opera,” and opera experts would be very hard-pressed to find an opera more similar in form and content than Verdi's Don Carlo, which is itself a transmedial hypertext adaptation of Schiller's hypotext Don Karlos. In its setting, structure, and character constellation, Schiller's Don Karlos has demonstrated such an enduring artistic and consumer resonance that a series of its marked and unmarked hypertexts have long invited further imitation and proximation by artists whom Richard Dawkins called “replicators.” Despite self-evident similarities, a long chain of “recombinant” Don Karlos adaptations and variations may go unrecognized as such, including Star Wars, which is itself among the most frequently-cited and adapted works of art, and thus perpetuates the chain.

中文翻译:

从超文本到超文本和(超)太空歌剧:席勒的唐卡洛斯、威尔第的唐卡洛和乔治卢卡斯的星球大战

摘要 弗里德里希·席勒 (Friedrich Schiller) 漫长的好莱坞之旅始于 18 世纪后期,当时他的戏剧在美国舞台上引起了早期的共鸣。席勒的戏剧在 19 世纪声名鹊起后,由于一战和二战期间的反德敌意,几乎从美国剧目中消失了。具有讽刺意味的是,二战导致讲德语的思想家和艺术家涌入美国,这一发展影响了全国的大学课程,这在一定程度上解释了席勒对新好莱坞电影等艺术运动的影响。乔治卢卡斯在 1960 年代在南加州大学期间经历了这种教育和艺术环境的融合。1977 年,卢卡斯将《星球大战:新希望》称为“太空歌剧,”而且歌剧专家很难找到比威尔第的唐卡洛在形式和内容上更相似的歌剧,这本身就是席勒的次文本唐卡洛斯的跨媒体超文本改编。席勒的唐卡洛斯在其背景、结构和人物星座中表现出如此持久的艺术和消费者共鸣,以至于其一系列标记和未标记的超文本长期以来一直邀请理查德道金斯称为“复制者”的艺术家进一步模仿和模仿。尽管有不言而喻的相似之处,一长串“重组”唐卡洛斯的改编和变体可能不会被承认,包括星球大战,它本身就是最常被引用和改编的艺术作品之一,从而使链条永存。这本身就是席勒的超文本唐卡洛斯的跨媒体超文本改编。席勒的唐卡洛斯在其背景、结构和人物星座中表现出如此持久的艺术和消费者共鸣,以至于其一系列标记和未标记的超文本长期以来一直邀请理查德道金斯称为“复制者”的艺术家进一步模仿和模仿。尽管有不言而喻的相似之处,一长串“重组”唐卡洛斯的改编和变体可能不会被承认,包括星球大战,它本身就是最常被引用和改编的艺术作品之一,从而使链条永存。这本身就是席勒的超文本唐卡洛斯的跨媒体超文本改编。席勒的唐卡洛斯在其背景、结构和人物星座中表现出如此持久的艺术和消费者共鸣,以至于其一系列标记和未标记的超文本长期以来一直邀请理查德道金斯称为“复制者”的艺术家进一步模仿和模仿。尽管有不言而喻的相似之处,一长串“重组”唐卡洛斯的改编和变体可能不会被承认,包括星球大战,它本身就是最常被引用和改编的艺术作品之一,从而使链条永存。s Don Karlos 已经表现出如此持久的艺术和消费者共鸣,以至于其一系列标记和未标记的超文本长期以来一直邀请理查德道金斯称之为“复制者”的艺术家进一步模仿和模仿。尽管有不言而喻的相似之处,一长串“重组”唐卡洛斯的改编和变体可能不会被承认,包括星球大战,它本身就是最常被引用和改编的艺术作品之一,从而使链条永存。s Don Karlos 已经表现出如此持久的艺术和消费者共鸣,以至于其一系列标记和未标记的超文本长期以来一直邀请理查德道金斯称之为“复制者”的艺术家进一步模仿和模仿。尽管有不言而喻的相似之处,一长串“重组”唐卡洛斯的改编和变体可能不会被承认,包括星球大战,它本身就是最常被引用和改编的艺术作品之一,从而使链条永存。
更新日期:2020-01-02
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