Based on field observations that the members of certain chimpanzee communities on occasion attack and kill members of neighboring groups, primatologist Richard Wrangham has proposed that war in humans stretches back millions of years to when these two species shared a common ancestor. This idea has become known as the chimpanzee model and has received a great deal of media attention. The fact that members of an equally related species of apes, bonobos, have never been observed to kill members of neighboring groups is usually ignored. The chimpanzee model’s fixation on war and violence actually distracts our attention from the predominant pattern of peaceful behavior and controlled aggression within mammalian species overall, including humans. This comparative mammalian perspective, which uses a much wider analytical lens than a two-species comparison, calls into question the chimpanzee model and its central tenet that natural selection, exceptionally, has favored inter-group killing in chimpanzees and humans. Instead, the often overlooked overarching principle is not that killing prevails, but that restraint against killing does. To understand human aggression and peace, a careful consideration of the mammalian context is critically important. Human agonism— a term that encapsulates non-contact threats as well as physical altercations—corresponds in most ways with the recurring patterns observed across mammalian species, wherein risks are minimized, withinspecies killing is exceptional rather than typical, and fitness costs and benefits reflect a long evolutionary legacy wherein agonism is kept within bounds, thus contributing to a relatively non-injurious, even peaceful, social life.

中文翻译：

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被忽视的克制基本原则

根据实地观察，某些黑猩猩群落的成员有时会攻击并杀死邻近群体的成员，灵长类动物学家理查德·兰厄姆提出，人类之间的战争可以追溯到数百万年前这两个物种拥有共同祖先的时候。这个想法被称为黑猩猩模型，并受到了媒体的广泛关注。从未观察到同样相关的猿类倭黑猩猩的成员杀死邻近群体成员的事实通常被忽视。黑猩猩模型对战争和暴力的关注实际上分散了我们对包括人类在内的整个哺乳动物物种中和平行为和受控侵略的主要模式的注意力。这种比较哺乳动物的观点，它使用比两个物种的比较更广泛的分析镜头，对黑猩猩模型及其中心原则提出质疑，即自然选择特别有利于黑猩猩和人类的群体间杀戮。相反，经常被忽视的首要原则不是杀戮盛行，而是对杀戮的克制。为了理解人类的侵略性与和平，仔细考虑哺乳动物的背景至关重要。人类激动——一个包含非接触威胁和身体冲突的术语——在大多数情况下与哺乳动物物种中观察到的反复出现的模式相对应，其中风险最小化，物种内杀戮是例外而不是典型，健身成本和收益反映了长期的进化遗产，其中激动被控制在范围内，