ABSTRACT Hazor was unquestionably the largest Bronze Age Canaanite site, standing as an anomaly in the southern Levant in terms of its size, elaborate public architecture, special geopolitical stature and far-reaching international networks. While the site has been well established as an urban center with many temples, the use of each of Hazor’s temples and how they relate to one another remains unclear. In this study, we analyze the rituals and other activities that were conducted within Hazor’s numerous temples. The methodology we employ stresses, fundamentally, the necessity to contextualize objects within entire assemblages – through spatial analysis – to most accurately assess how Hazor’s cultic spaces were actually used. We apply the same methodology to other MB and LB Canaanite temples to establish a generalized ideal-type temple assemblage for Canaanite temples. This study successfully demonstrates that Hazor’s temples substantially diverge from the ideal temple assemblage, indicating cult at Hazor was practiced differently than elsewhere in the region. This includes the atypical distribution of certain cultic vessels (e.g. miniature vessels), the appearance of special vessels in ritual contexts (e.g. cups), and a fundamentally different use of indoor and outdoor spaces when compared to other Canaanite temples. It turns out that Hazor’s elites were major factors controlling the anomalies of cultic practice at the site. Hazor’s rulers impacted cultic architectural forms and locations and played instrumental roles in dictating and manipulating the types of rituals and associated cultic paraphernalia that were allowed to be performed and used throughout the entire settlement landscape.

中文翻译：

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夏琐统治和仪式操纵

摘要 夏琐无疑是最大的青铜时代迦南遗址，就其规模、精致的公共建筑、特殊的地缘政治地位和影响深远的国际网络而言，它在黎凡特南部堪称异类。虽然该遗址已成为拥有众多寺庙的城市中心，但夏琐的每一座寺庙的用途以及它们之间的关系仍不清楚。在这项研究中，我们分析了在夏琐众多寺庙中进行的仪式和其他活动。我们采用的方法从根本上强调，必须通过空间分析将整个组合中的物体置于语境中，以最准确地评估夏琐的崇拜空间是如何被实际使用的。我们将相同的方法应用于其他 MB 和 LB 迦南寺庙，为迦南寺庙建立一个广义的理想型寺庙组合。这项研究成功地表明夏琐的庙宇与理想的庙宇组合大不相同，表明夏琐的崇拜与该地区其他地方不同。这包括某些祭祀器皿（例如微型器皿）的非典型分布、仪式环境中特殊器皿的出现（例如杯子），以及与其他迦南神庙相比，室内和室外空间的使用完全不同。事实证明，夏琐的精英是控制该地点邪教活动异常的主要因素。