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Testing terracotta in the United States: early testing practices and modern conservation
Journal of Architectural Conservation Pub Date : 2016-09-01 , DOI: 10.1080/13556207.2017.1279865
Xsusha CarlyAnn Flandro 1
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT Cracks, spalls and efflorescence are unsightly, but what do they say about the service life of a terracotta unit? And what analytical tests can we perform to help us define its life span? Unfortunately, in the case of architectural terracotta, determining if a deteriorated unit has nearly reached the end of its useful life is not entirely straightforward. Simply looking at the surface of a terracotta unit does not provide sufficient information to characterize its durability, nor does repairing the surface guarantee its survival. The large-scale manufacturing of architectural terracotta in the US began in the 1870s. By 1876, magazines such as American Architect and Building News marketed terracotta as a good, ‘durable’ material for use on cornices. Within two decades, however, concerns about the performance of the building material were raised with respect to glaze adhesion, spalling, and physical strength. Extensive research was undertaken by the author on architectural terracotta testing practices and manufacturing methods used historically throughout the US. With literally hundreds of tests carried out and published between 1899 and 1961, it seemed that no one test was able to fully address the complex question of durability. In an effort to understand the relationship between physical characteristics and durability, several historic glazed terracotta units, all taken from buildings constructed before 1938, were subjected to microscopic examination, water vapor transmission (WVT) measurement, freeze thaw testing and glaze adhesion. The article examines the results, the limits of the individual tests, and how a variety of evaluation techniques are required – in combination – to understand the structure and condition of the material. There is also a brief discussion of modern repair techniques and whether these repairs are appropriate or even worthwhile.

中文翻译:

在美国测试兵马俑:早期测试实践和现代保护

摘要 裂纹、剥落和风化是难看的,但它们对兵马俑的使用寿命有何看法?我们可以执行哪些分析测试来帮助我们确定其使用寿命?不幸的是,在建筑兵马俑的情况下,确定损坏的单元是否已接近其使用寿命的终点并不完全是简单的。仅仅观察陶土单元的表面并不能提供足够的信息来表征其耐用性,修复表面也不能保证其生存。美国建筑兵马俑的大规模制造始于 1870 年代。到 1876 年,《美国建筑师》和《建筑新闻》等杂志将赤陶作为一种用于檐口的优质“耐用”材料进行营销。然而,在二十年内,人们对建筑材料在釉料附着力、剥落和物理强度方面的性能表示担忧。作者对美国历史上使用的建筑兵马俑测试实践和制造方法进行了广泛的研究。1899 年至 1961 年间进行并发表了数百项测试,似乎没有一项测试能够完全解决耐用性这一复杂问题。为了了解物理特性和耐用性之间的关系,从 1938 年之前建造的建筑物中取出的几个历史悠久的釉面陶土单元进行了显微镜检查、水蒸气透过率 (WVT) 测量、冻融测试和釉料附着力。文章检查了结果,单个测试的限制,以及如何结合使用各种评估技术来了解材料的结构和状况。还简要讨论了现代维修技术以及这些维修是否合适甚至值得。
更新日期:2016-09-01
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