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Evolution and rationalization of timber frame design in Istanbul in the second half of the nineteenth century
Journal of Architectural Conservation Pub Date : 2017-06-15 , DOI: 10.1080/13556207.2017.1330384
Damla Acar 1
Affiliation  

ABSTRACT Until the mid-19th century, the traditional Istanbul house was a building constructed with a timber frame with adobe or brick infill (hımış). This timber frame construction technique evolved in the second half of the 19th century into a timber frame with closely placed thin vertical braces without infill. The causes behind this change are still unknown. This study traces the causes of change and the evolution pattern of Istanbul timber-frame construction through Ottoman building-cost estimates, cost journals and other written sources of the period. The Western influence on science and technology affected the newly emerging engineering discipline in Istanbul and caused the gradual change in timber-frame design. However, the rationalization of timber-frame design went hand in hand with the industrialization of the woodworking sector in the Western world, whereas in Istanbul the lack of steam-powered woodworking machines caused the extensive use of hand-sawn timber-frame elements. This violated the basic design principles of vertically braced timber frames and caused the construction of fragile frames in need of frequent maintenance. Only in the last decade of the 19th century did the industrialization of the woodworking sector lead to the full rationalization of timber-frame construction. Identifying the timber frame types of this transition period is of crucial importance while dating the historic timber structures and assessing their structural strengths and weaknesses.

中文翻译:

19 世纪下半叶伊斯坦布尔木框架设计的演变和合理化

摘要 直到 19 世纪中叶,传统的伊斯坦布尔房屋都是用木结构建造的,带有土坯或砖填充物 (hımış)。这种木框架施工技术在 19 世纪下半叶演变成一种木框架,它具有紧密放置的薄垂直支撑,没有填充物。这种变化背后的原因仍然未知。本研究通过奥斯曼建筑成本估算、成本期刊和该时期的其他书面资料,追溯了伊斯坦布尔木结构建筑的变化原因和演变模式。西方对科学技术的影响影响了伊斯坦布尔新兴的工程学科,并导致木结构设计的逐渐变化。然而,木框架设计的合理化与西方世界木工行业的工业化密切相关,而在伊斯坦布尔,由于缺乏蒸汽动力木工机器,导致大量使用手工锯木框架元件。这违反了垂直支撑木框架的基本设计原则,并导致需要频繁维护的脆弱框架的建造。直到 19 世纪的最后十年,木工行业的工业化才导致木结构建筑的全面合理化。在确定历史木结构的年代并评估其结构优势和劣势时,确定这一过渡时期的木框架类型至关重要。而在伊斯坦布尔,由于缺乏蒸汽动力木工机器,导致大量使用手工锯木框架元件。这违反了垂直支撑木框架的基本设计原则,并导致需要频繁维护的脆弱框架的建造。直到 19 世纪的最后十年,木工行业的工业化才导致木结构建筑的全面合理化。在确定历史木结构的年代并评估其结构优势和劣势时,确定这一过渡时期的木框架类型至关重要。而在伊斯坦布尔,由于缺乏蒸汽动力木工机器,导致大量使用手工锯木框架元件。这违反了垂直支撑木框架的基本设计原则,并导致需要频繁维护的脆弱框架的建造。直到 19 世纪的最后十年,木工行业的工业化才导致木结构建筑的全面合理化。在确定历史木结构的年代并评估其结构优势和劣势时,确定这一过渡时期的木框架类型至关重要。直到 19 世纪的最后十年,木工行业的工业化才导致木结构建筑的全面合理化。在确定历史木结构的年代并评估其结构优势和劣势时,确定这一过渡时期的木框架类型至关重要。直到 19 世纪的最后十年,木工行业的工业化才导致木结构建筑的全面合理化。在确定历史木结构的年代并评估其结构优势和劣势时,确定这一过渡时期的木框架类型至关重要。
更新日期:2017-06-15
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