What contributes to the persistent nature of bureaucratic over-representativeness or under-representativeness? Answers to such a question are necessary because, while there have been many empirical studies of the relationship between different types of bureaucratic representation (gender, ethnic, class) and/or different features of bureaucracies (levels, types of agencies, unitary or federal) and possible policy outcomes, the studies have largely been silent when it comes to identifying antecedents to bureaucratic over-representativeness or under-representativeness. Accordingly, by studying Malaysian experience involving a largely mono-ethnic bureaucracy in a highly plural and fragmented society, this discussion identifies factors that have contributed to the persistent nature of an under-represented and over-represented bureaucracy. The underlying findings are that there is a need to move away from a monolithic argument that mono-ethnic representation of the bureaucracy is solely due to a state’s interventionist policy, and that the stickiness of administrative tradition, perception, socialisation and attractiveness of alternative sectors of employment can contribute to the persistent nature of bureaucratic representation.

中文翻译：

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官僚主义的过度代表或代表不足的持续存在：马来西亚公务员的经验

是什么导致官僚主义的过度代表或代表不足的持久性？回答这个问题是必要的，因为尽管有许多关于不同类型的官僚代表制（性别，族裔，阶级）和/或不同官僚机构特征（级别，机构类型，统一制或联邦制）之间关系的实证研究。以及可能的政策结果，在确定官僚主义过分代表或过分代表的前因时，研究基本上是沉默的。因此，通过研究马来西亚在高度多元化和零散的社会中涉及主要是单族种官僚制的经验，本讨论确定了导致代表性不足和代表过多的官僚制的持久性的因素。