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Family Standards of Living Over the Long Run, England 1280–1850*
Past & Present ( IF 2.326 ) Pub Date : 2020-02-04 , DOI: 10.1093/pastj/gtaa005
Sara Horrell 1 , Jane Humphries 2 , Jacob Weisdorf 2
Affiliation  

Abstract
This article uses new wage series for men, women and children in combination with an established cost of living index and standard assumptions about family size to construct a measure of family welfare in England, 1280–1850. It asks whether this family could achieve a standard of living historically defined as ‘respectable’. It extracts information from primary and secondary sources to make adjustments for the participation rates of women and children, the varying number of days worked over time, the changing involvement of married women in paid work, and the evolving occupational structure. The resulting series is the first to depict the living standard of a representative working family over the very long run. Prior to the Black Death, this family existed just above subsistence; afterwards shortage of labour brought substantial albeit not unassailable gains. Tudor-era turmoil and constraints on women’s work pushed the family below the ‘respectable’ standard. From the mid 1600s however, the gradual transformation of the economy coincided with improved welfare. Over these centuries, it was rare for men’s work alone to sustain the family at a respectable level; women and children’s earnings were necessary. This article calls for a re-evaluation of the chronology, causes and consequences of long-run growth.


中文翻译:

长期生活的家庭标准,英格兰1280–1850 *

摘要
本文将新的男性,女性和儿童工资序列与既定的生活成本指数和有关家庭规模的标准假设相结合,以构建衡量英国1280-1850年家庭福利的指标。它询问这个家庭是否可以达到历史上定义为“可敬”的生活水平。它从主要和次要来源中提取信息,以调整妇女和儿童的参与率,随着时间推移工作天数的变化,已婚妇女参与有偿工作的情况不断变化以及职业结构的变化。由此产生的系列是第一个描绘长期有代表性的工作家庭的生活水平的系列。在黑死病发生之前,这个家庭的存在刚好超出了生计。此后,劳动力短缺带来了可观的收益,尽管收益不容小un。都铎时代的动荡和对妇女工作的限制将家庭推向了“可敬的”标准之下。但是,从1600年代中期开始,经济逐渐转型,同时福利也有所提高。在过去的几个世纪中,单靠男人的工作就很难维持家庭的可观水平。妇女和儿童的收入是必要的。本文要求对长期增长的时间顺序,原因和后果进行重新评估。妇女和儿童的收入是必要的。本文要求对长期增长的时间顺序,原因和后果进行重新评估。妇女和儿童的收入是必要的。本文要求对长期增长的时间顺序,原因和后果进行重新评估。
更新日期:2020-02-04
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