ABSTRACT This essay examines the demographics of federal district court judges in the 10th Circuit. Consistent with the literature regarding the glass-ceiling effect in positions of power and influence in the legal profession, the study finds that women judges are under-represented on the 10th Circuit bench compared with their numbers as lawyers in the jurisdictions of the Circuit. However, the study finds that ethnic minority judges are over-represented in the Circuit. The essay next explores the relationship between under-representation, over-representation, discrimination and judicial “catch up”: addressing historical and contemporary under-representation by means of temporary over-representation of qualified under-represented groups on the bench. It argues that under-representation that cannot be explained in terms of merit criteria or informed opting out strongly suggests the lingering effects of past discrimination, as well as the current effects of implicit bias. Such past explicit and present implicit discrimination ought to shift the burden of addressing under-representation to the institutional players involved in the judicial commission process, who should temporarily deploy over-representation to break through the glass-ceiling and catch up the disparity. The feasibility of such a judicial catch up is evidenced by the over-representation of ethnic minority judges in the 10th Circuit.

中文翻译：

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司法代表性不足，代表性过多和“追赶”：对第十巡回法院美国地方法院法官的研究得出的见解

摘要本文研究了第十巡回法院联邦地方法院法官的人口统计资料。与有关法律职业中权力和影响力的玻璃天花板效应的文献一致，该研究发现，与在巡回法院辖区担任律师的人数相比，女法官在第十巡回法院的席位人数不足。但是，研究发现，少数族裔法官在巡回法院的代表人数过多。接下来，本文探讨了代表性不足，过度代表性，歧视和司法“追赶”之间的关系：通过临时任命合格的代表性不足的替补群体来解决历史和当代代表性不足的问题。它认为，不能根据绩效标准或知情选择退出的代表性不足，强烈暗示了过去歧视的挥之不去的影响，以及当前隐性偏见的影响。过去这种明显的和当前的隐性歧视应将处理代表性不足的负担转移到参与司法委员会程序的机构参与者，后者应临时部署过多的代表以突破玻璃天花板并赶上差距。第十巡回法院少数民族法官人数过多，证明了这种司法追赶的可行性。过去这种明显的和当前的隐性歧视应将处理代表性不足的负担转移到参与司法委员会程序的机构参与者，后者应临时部署过多的代表以突破玻璃天花板并赶上差距。第十巡回法院少数民族法官人数过多，证明了这种司法追赶的可行性。过去这种明显的和当前的隐性歧视应将处理代表性不足的负担转移到参与司法委员会程序的机构参与者，后者应临时部署过多的代表以突破玻璃天花板并赶上差距。第十巡回法院少数民族法官人数过多，证明了这种司法追赶的可行性。