The goal of this research is to examine the associations among personal characteristics, country-level indicators, and the retirement timing in 20 European countries. Data came from 34,483 retired respondents who participated in the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe. Using a multilevel analysis, we explored the relationship between timing of retirement and personal as well as country-level variables. Early retirement was found to be more likely when gross domestic product (GDP) was lower, and/or when health conditions were poorer, while later retirement was more common when GDP or unemployment rate were higher. In addition, the country of residence affected the timing of retirement. One implication is that increasing the pensionable age will increase retirement age, as people tend to retire when they are eligible for full pension benefits. Furthermore, the differences in retirement decision among countries are largely related to the generosity of pension schemes.

中文翻译：

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早退与晚退：欧洲20国比较分析

本研究的目的是检验 20 个欧洲国家的个人特征、国家级指标和退休时间之间的关联。数据来自参与欧洲健康、老龄化和退休调查的 34,483 名退休受访者。使用多层次分析，我们探讨了退休时间与个人以及国家级变量之间的关系。研究发现，当国内生产总值 (GDP) 较低和/或健康状况较差时，提前退休的可能性更大，而当 GDP 或失业率较高时，延迟退休的情况更常见。此外，居住国影响退休时间。一个含义是提高领取养老金的年龄会提高退休年龄，因为当人们有资格获得全额养老金福利时，他们往往会退休。此外，各国退休决策的差异很大程度上与养老金计划的慷慨程度有关。