ABSTRACT Is meaning essentially normative, and what does claiming that amount to? One popular interpretation is that in virtue of their nature meanings are capable of guiding subjects in their applications of concepts, for meaning is constituted by norms. However, the guidance view has been met with criticism to the effect that if semantic norms constitute facts about meaning, then they cannot simultaneously guide subjects in their applications. In response, some normativist authors have proposed that the key sense of ‘normative’ in the claim that meaning is essentially normative is not ‘guidance’ but ‘assessment’. In this paper, I shall argue that switching from guidance to assessment offers no respite from the anti-normativist argument that normativity in the sense of prescriptivity emerges not from meaning as such but from the attitudes of subjects insofar as the normativist is unable to offer a plausible account of what makes assessment appropriate.

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意义仍然不规范：关于评估和指导

摘要 意义本质上是规范性的吗？声称这意味着什么？一种流行的解释是，意义凭借其本质能够指导主体应用概念，因为意义是由规范构成的。然而，指导观点遭到批评，即如果语义规范构成了关于意义的事实，那么它们就不能同时指导主体的应用。作为回应，一些规范主义作者提出，在意义本质上是规范性的主张中，“规范性”的关键意义不是“指导”而是“评估”。在本文中，