A SOCIAL APPROACH TO MONETISATION shifts the attention from the classic money media — gold and silver — to the dissemination of two social practices: valuing and paying. When these two monetary practices first became widespread in western Scandinavia during the gold rich migration period (in the 5th to 6th centuries ad), they were not introduced in the sphere of trade, but instead were features of traditional or customary payments, such as weregeld (atonements for murder or offences against the person) or marriage dowries. By the Viking Age, in the late 8th to 10th centuries ad, despite flourishing commodity production, precious metals were used as payment in trade solely in towns. Even in towns, this commercial use seems to have been adopted late, and was employed only occasionally. This paper reviews the changing approaches to money and monetisation, and draws attention to the potential for regarding monetisation as the spread of a set of social practices.

中文翻译：

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中世纪早期西部斯堪的纳维亚的货币实践（公元 5 至 10 世纪）

货币化的社会方法将注意力从经典的货币媒体——黄金和白银——转移到两种社会实践的传播：估值和支付。当这两种货币做法在黄金大迁徙时期（公元 5 至 6 世纪）首次在斯堪的纳维亚西部盛行时，它们并未被引入贸易领域，而是作为传统或习惯支付的特征，例如被阉割（对谋杀或犯罪的赎罪）或嫁妆。到了公元 8 世纪后期到 10 世纪的维京时代，尽管商品生产蓬勃发展，但贵金属仅在城镇中被用作贸易支付。即使在城镇，这种商业用途似乎也被采用得很晚，而且只是偶尔使用。