This paper details the results of a large-scale multi-disciplinary analysis of Iron Age pottery from a settlement in the core of the Phoenician homeland. The research presented is centred upon a large corpus of Phoenician carinated-shoulder amphorae (CSA) from the later Iron Age II and Persian period contexts at the coastal site of Tell el-Burak. Traditional typological investigations are combined with a focused archaeometric approach including a new quantitative method for the morphometric analysis of amphorae, thin-section petrography, geochemistry and organic residue analyses, aimed at gaining a more detailed understanding of the organization of the Phoenician economy. Despite gradual, but marked typological changes, very little change in the fabrics of these amphorae was noted over the 400-year Iron Age occupation of the site. The research, thus, demonstrates that the production of Iron Age amphorae from Tell el-Burak was highly organized, and was undertaken by long-lived, sustained and centralized modes. The establishment of Tell el-Burak and this new pottery industry coincides with the proliferation of the world’s first great imperial powers, the Neo-Assyrian, Neo-Babylonian and Persian empires; the outcomes of this research provide new insights into socio-economic strategies adopted in the Phoenician homeland during this pivotal time.

中文翻译：

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对腓尼基家园经济组织的洞察：对铁器时代 2 后期和波斯时期的多学科调查来自 Tell el-Burak 的腓尼基双耳瓶

本文详细介绍了对腓尼基家乡核心聚居地铁器时代陶器的大规模多学科分析结果。所呈现的研究集中在位于 Tell el-Burak 沿海遗址的来自铁器时代后期 II 和波斯时期背景的大量腓尼基人肩颈双耳瓶 (CSA) 语料库。传统的类型学调查与重点考古测量方法相结合，包括用于双耳瓶形态测量分析、薄片岩相学、地球化学和有机残留物分析的新定量方法，旨在更详细地了解腓尼基经济的组织。尽管逐渐发生了明显的类型变化，但在该遗址 400 年的铁器时代占领期间，这些双耳瓶的结构几乎没有发生变化。这个调查，因此，表明来自 Tell el-Burak 的铁器时代双耳瓶的生产是高度有组织的，并且是通过长期、持续和集中的模式进行的。Tell el-Burak 的建立和这个新的陶器工业恰逢世界上第一个大国——新亚述、新巴比伦和波斯帝国的扩散；这项研究的结果为在这个关键时期腓尼基本土采用的社会经济战略提供了新的见解。新巴比伦和波斯帝国；这项研究的结果为在这个关键时期腓尼基本土采用的社会经济战略提供了新的见解。新巴比伦和波斯帝国；这项研究的结果为在这个关键时期腓尼基本土采用的社会经济战略提供了新的见解。