Robots are becoming increasingly prevalent in our daily, social, and professional lives, performing various work and household tasks, as well as operating driverless vehicles and public transportation systems (Leenes et al., 2017). However, given that the field of robotics has grown to become interconnected with other technologies, it seems more and more difficult to provide a commonly accepted definition of a robot (Leenes et al., 2017). According to Ishihara and Fukushi (2010), the word “robot” was first introduced in Karel Capek’s 1921 play that dealt with conflict between human beings and robots, that is, artificial persons molded out of chemical batter. Belanche et al. (2019) add that the word “robot” originates from the Czech word “robota”, which means “forced labor;” or, put another way, “slavery”. Thus, robots are often seen as mechanical devices programmed to perform specific physical tasks for human beings. That said, many of today’s robots are no longer mere slaves unpaid labor that respond only to human requests but increasingly embody autonomy and progressive “decision making” capabilities (Lichocki et al., 2011; Petersen, 2007). Hence, Lin et al. (2011) define a “robot” as an engineered machine that senses, thinks, and acts, thus being able to process information from sensors and other sources, such as an internal set of rules, either programmed or learned, that enables the machine to make some “decisions” autonomously. The degree of autonomy, we will see, is a crucial indicator of how “smart” a robot is or is not. Nevertheless, the notion of anthropomorphizing robots, or treating them “as persons”, is not under consideration in this paper.

中文翻译：

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智能机器人的伦理框架

机器人在我们的日常生活、社交和职业生活中变得越来越普遍，执行各种工作和家务，以及操作无人驾驶车辆和公共交通系统（Leenes 等，2017）。然而，鉴于机器人领域已发展为与其他技术相互关联，提供一个普遍接受的机器人定义似乎越来越困难（Leenes 等，2017）。根据 Ishihara 和 Fukushi (2010) 的说法，“robot”一词最早出现在 Karel Capek 1921 年的戏剧中，该剧处理人与机器人之间的冲突，即用化学面糊塑造的人造人。贝兰奇等人。(2019) 补充说，“robot”一词源自捷克语“robota”，意思是“强迫劳动”；或者，换句话说，“奴隶制”。因此，机器人通常被视为机械设备，经过编程可以为人类执行特定的物理任务。也就是说，当今的许多机器人不再仅仅是只响应人类请求的无偿劳动的奴隶，而是越来越多地体现了自主性和渐进式“决策”能力（Lichocki 等，2011；Petersen，2007）。因此，林等人。(2011) 将“机器人”定义为具有感知、思考和行动的工程机器，因此能够处理来自传感器和其他来源的信息，例如一组内部规则，无论是编程的还是学习的，使机器能够自主地做出一些“决定”。我们将看到，自主程度是衡量机器人“智能”与否的关键指标。然而，拟人化机器人的概念，或将它们“当作人”对待，本文并未考虑。