This paper examines the role of proprietary software in the production of open educational resources (OER). Using a single case study, the paper explores the implications of removing proprietary software from an OER project, with the aim of examining how complicated such a process is and whether removing such software meaningfully advances a critical approach to OER. The analysis reveals that software from the Big Five technology companies (Apple, Alphabet/Google, Amazon, Facebook and Microsoft) are deeply embedded in OER production and distribution, and that complete elimination of software or services from these companies is not feasible. The paper concludes by positing that simply rejecting Big Five technology introduces too many challenges to be justified on a pragmatic basis; however, it encourages OER creators to remain critical in their use of technology and continue to try to advance a critical approach to OER.

中文翻译：

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走向OER的批判方法：从OER创造中删除“五个大公司”的案例研究

本文研究了开放式教育资源（OER）生产中专有软件的作用。本文使用一个案例研究，探讨了从OER项目中删除专有软件的含义，目的是研究这种过程有多复杂，以及删除此类软件是否有意义地推动了OER的关键方法的发展。分析表明，来自五大技术公司（苹果，Alphabet / Google，亚马逊，Facebook和Microsoft）的软件已深深嵌入到OER生产和分销中，完全淘汰这些公司的软件或服务是不可行的。本文最后提出假设，仅仅拒绝“五巨头”技术会带来太多挑战，无法在务实的基础上证明其合理性。然而，