Abstract The article deals with the complexities and issues of modern advocacy in the political and autobiographical discourses of Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. In his political philosophy, Hobbes speaks on behalf of a multitude which becomes a political body in the course of being represented. He acts as an advocate and a prosecutor at the same time because he conducts a trial in the name of reason against those for whom he speaks, urging them to leave the state of nature. Hobbes imagines a foundational scene in which each and everyone’s discourse is reduced to the repetition of a formula that generates the ‘civic state.’ Rousseau, by contrast, discredits all political speech that presumes to represent [vertreten] the people by speaking in their place and thus silencing them. He establishes advocacy as a specific modality of truth-telling (parrhesia) involving the risk of irritating or offending those who are addressed. He develops a new form of veridiction in which infamous and inglorious, but at the same time singular lives cross the threshold of (political) representation, a process which Hobbes feared as the major reason for political dissolution. Rousseau’s discourse is an effort to mobilize future advocates to take the risk of speaking for someone by speaking of themselves: Rousseau in all his singularity presents his contested life to others in such a way that they feel encouraged to speak of themselves in like fashion and, by doing so, to act as his genuine advocates.

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“代言”与缺乏代表性：霍布斯和卢梭的倡导

摘要 本文论述了托马斯·霍布斯和让-雅克·卢梭在政治和自传性话语中现代倡导的复杂性和问题。在他的政治哲学中，霍布斯代表了在被代表的过程中成为一个政治体的大众说话。他同时充当辩护人和检察官，因为他以理性的名义对他代言的人进行审判，敦促他们离开自然状态。霍布斯想象了一个基本场景，在这个场景中，每个人的话语都被简化为生成“公民国家”的公式的重复。相比之下，卢梭诋毁所有假定代表 [vertreten] 人民的政治言论，替他们说话，从而使他们沉默。他将宣传确立为一种讲真话（直言不讳）的特定方式，涉及激怒或冒犯被处理者的风险。他发展了一种新形式的真实性，在这种形式中，臭名昭著、不光彩但同时奇异的生活跨越了（政治）代表的门槛，霍布斯担心这一过程是政治解体的主要原因。卢梭的话语是为了动员未来的拥护者冒着通过谈论自己为某人说话的风险而努力：卢梭以其独特的个性向他人展示他充满争议的生活，使他们感到受到鼓励以同样的方式谈论自己，并且，通过这样做，成为他真正的拥护者。他发展了一种新形式的真实性，在这种形式中，臭名昭著、不光彩但同时奇异的生活跨越了（政治）代表的门槛，霍布斯担心这一过程是政治解体的主要原因。卢梭的话语是为了动员未来的拥护者冒着通过谈论自己为某人说话的风险而努力：卢梭以其独特的个性向他人展示他充满争议的生活，使他们感到受到鼓励以同样的方式谈论自己，并且，通过这样做，成为他真正的拥护者。他发展了一种新形式的真实性，在这种形式中，臭名昭著、不光彩但同时奇异的生活跨越了（政治）代表的门槛，霍布斯担心这一过程是政治解体的主要原因。卢梭的话语是为了动员未来的拥护者冒着通过谈论自己来为某人说话的风险：卢梭以其独特的方式向他人展示他有争议的生活，使他们感到受到鼓励以同样的方式谈论自己，并且，通过这样做，成为他真正的拥护者。