ABSTRACT Beginning in 2013, urban Haitians staged several antigovernment protests that eventually led, in 2016, to the removal of President Michel Martelly without an elected successor. This protest movement used racial, spatial, and affective markers to expose an image of pèp la (the people) and to rework old and new race-class divisions in the Haitian population. Conducting ceremonial bonfires, donning black and red masks, and chanting Vodou songs to summon cho (hot) spirits, the protesters sought to embody revolutionary soldiers who defeated colonial troops in 1804. They framed the conflict as one between black militants of the downtown geto (ghettos) and the lighter-skinned, uptown, ruling elites. This article traces how a culturalization of ‘the people’ as black, ‘hot,’ and of the geto emerged through the rituals of protest, and how this movement ultimately identified a new, militant persona – the nèg geto (ghetto black) – as the popular subject of Haiti. This article goes on to elaborate the potential consequences of this configuration of the people: on one hand, it can be viewed as an effective tool of empowerment; on the other hand, it may propagate racist tropes that have long been used to marginalize poorer and darker people in Haiti.

中文翻译：

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“人民”暴露：海地民众抗议中的空间种族情感变化

摘要从2013年开始，城市海地人发起了几次反政府抗议活动，最终导致2016年将米歇尔·马特利总统（Michel Martelly）罢免，而没有选举产生的继任者。这场抗议运动使用种族，空间和情感标记来揭示人的形象，并对海地人口中的新老种族阶层进行改造。抗议者进行仪式性的篝火，戴着黑色和红色的面具，并吟诵沃杜的歌声以唤起（炽热的）精神，抗议者试图体现革命士兵，他们在1804年击败了殖民军。贫民窟）和肤色较浅的住宅区统治精英。本文追溯了如何通过抗议仪式将“人民”文化化为黑人，“热”者和“哥”。以及该运动最终如何确定一种新的好战的人物角色-nèggeto（贫民窟的黑人）作为海地的热门话题。这篇文章继续阐述了这种人民配置的潜在后果：一方面，它可以被看作是增强权能的有效工具；另一方面，它可以被认为是赋予权力的有效工具。另一方面，它可能传播长期以来被用来边缘化海地贫穷和黑暗人口的种族主义倾向。