ABSTRACT This article identifies and prints the earliest detailed customs list from northern Europe, which was prepared for the port of Dover in 1233 or soon after, and it gives fuller and more detailed information about trade than for any other northern European port at this date. The list shows a remarkable diversity of trade, including some of the earliest references to particular goods in English documents, and widespread sources of trade including Flanders, Germany and Italy. The depiction of such trading links prompts questions about the ‘commercial revolution’ and the development of European trade, for it shows how varied trade and consumption could be in the era of the fairs of the Champagne towns, before the establishment of direct maritime links from the Italian cities to northern Europe. The appearance of commodities and trading links in the Dover list suggest that commercial development was earlier and more evolutionary.

中文翻译：

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十三世纪初期英格兰与欧洲的贸易：风俗和多佛港

摘要本文确定并打印了北欧最早的详细海关清单，该清单是1233年或之后不久为多佛港准备的，并且提供的贸易信息比迄今为止的任何其他北欧港口都更全面，更详细。该清单显示了惊人的贸易多样性，包括一些最早的英文文件中对特定商品的引用，以及包括弗兰德斯，德国和意大利在内的广泛贸易来源。这种贸易联系的描绘引发了有关“商业革命”和欧洲贸易发展的疑问，因为它表明在建立香槟直接贸易联系之前，香槟城镇集市时代的贸易和消费将是多么多样化。意大利城市到北欧。