This paper examines the determinants of spending and the amount of time attending private supplementary tutoring, or commonly known as private tuition, in Malaysia. Based on 343 self-reported questionnaires with upper secondary students across three states in Malaysia and using multiple regression analysis, we identified ethnicity, father’s level of education and past academic performance as significant determinants of spending and amount of time attending private tuition. However, interestingly, we found that while geographical location and participation in internal tuition in schools were also determinants of spending, these two were not significant in determining the amount of time attending private supplementary tutoring. The identification of determinants of spending and amount of time, and in addition, the differences between these two illustrates the economic and educational dimensions of shadow education. More importantly, the insight also contributes to the formulation of possible interventions that can improve quality and reduce inequality in the mainstream education system.

中文翻译：

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马来西亚的影子教育：确定参加高中生私人补习的费用和时间的决定因素

本文研究了支出的决定因素以及在马来西亚参加私人补习或通常称为私人补习的时间。根据马来西亚三个州高中生的343份自我报告调查表，并使用多元回归分析，我们将种族，父亲的教育水平和过往的学业状况确定为花费和私人学习时间的重要决定因素。然而，有趣的是，我们发现地理位置和学校内部学费的参与也是支出的决定因素，但这两个因素对于确定接受私人补习的时间并不重要。确定支出和时间量的决定因素，此外，两者之间的差异说明了影子教育的经济和教育方面。更重要的是，洞察力还有助于制定可能的干预措施，以提高主流教育系统的质量并减少不平等现象。