Welcome to the first JAIC issue of 2020. The papers included in this issue present a series of interesting problems and solutions in the conservation and preservation of cultural heritage. These include a conservation treatment carried out on a pair of linen underpants from the nineteenth century, two studies on the physical properties of materials, the creation and development of an archive related to the Iraqi Institute for the Conservation of Antiquities and Heritage, and research carried out with the objective of contextualizing metalwork from the Liao Dynasty. The authors represent a broad cross section of research revealing current conservation and preservation trends. This issue begins with an excellent treatment paper by Laura Mina dealing with the reduction of foxing stains on a textile object. The article focuses on a pair of fashionable European linen underpants from around 1830. The author begins with a material description of the object under question along with its cultural and historical significance. This is followed by a report on the treatment and an evaluation of the results. One interesting aspect is the crossover of paper and textile conservation. The author indicates that fewer publications deal with foxing problems on textiles, and for this reason, the literature and solution used in the study was mainly taken from paper conservation studies. The next two articles in this issue present physical and mechanical studies conducted on plastic and paint materials, respectively. In their research article, Freeman and co-authors discuss a methodology for characterizing the mechanical properties of cross-sectional paint samples using nano-indentation. The authors describe the development and optimization of a measuring protocol, which provides an efficient way to study paint and resin surfaces of embedded samples. The advantages and limitations of nano-indentation for the investigation of the viscoelastic mechanical properties of artists’ materials are clearly presented in the paper. The authors also recognize that expanding the range of materials tested and developing mathematical models will help to better understand the long-term behavior of cultural heritage materials and support developing predictive tools for conservators. Understanding the physical properties of preservation materials continues to be a major research task for conservators and scientists working in archives and libraries. Furthermore, Hall and co-authors pay special attention to the properties of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) when used as encapsulation material for paper-based objects. The authors point out that while encapsulation using PET films can help to protect an object from its environment, smaller vapor and gases can still permeate the polymer film increasing the risk of damage to the object. Permeation can occur in two directions: into or out of the encapsulate. The authors were interested in determining the rate of water permeation out of the encapsulate taking into account various variables such as thickness of the PET film and the vapor pressure difference between the interior of the encapsulate and its environment. They also discuss the important role of relative humidity during these processes. The paper by Pearlstein and Johnson presents a methodology for recording and archiving conservation education and training through a case study conducted at the Iraqi Institute for the Conservation of Antiquities in Erbil, Iraq. The work focused on the years 2008–2017 and included historical research, oral interviews, and the creation of a research archive maintained by the University of Delaware’s Disaster Research Center. The authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of their methodological approach stressing problems such as relying on survey data, finding survey participants, and accessibility of the results. Nevertheless, the authors explain how the oral history interviews provided valuable insight into the development of the abovementioned institute with the possibility of applying their methodology to other post-conflict areas. This case study demonstrated the importance of sharing conservation expertise to contribute to humanitarian relief and development. The last article by Mayberger describes the important contributions of technical study to understanding Liao Dynasty metalwork in the MFA Boston collection. Three examples of Khitan gilt metals are reevaluated given recent archaeological finds, resulting in a new understanding of the objects as embodying a history of complex cultural and material transfers. Each of the luxurious funerary items (a copper saddle, pair of gilt silver boots, and gilt silver crown) expresses Khitan elite status and beliefs about the afterlife through their manufacture, materials, and ornamental vocabulary. The contribution of this study is to weave together decades of technical analysis and conservation history with art historical and archaeological evidence, establishing the integral role of material analysis in understanding archaeological collections in museums. This paper was presented at the 2018 AIC Annual Meeting in the session: “Material Transfers and Translations” along with “Collecting Collections: Negotiating Material Value at the National Park Service,” by Bottkol and Campbell (JAIC

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社论

欢迎来到2020年第一期JAIC。本期中的论文提出了一系列有关文化遗产保护和保护的有趣问题和解决方案。其中包括对19世纪的一对亚麻内裤进行的养护处理，对材料物理特性的两项研究，与伊拉克古物与遗产保护研究所有关的档案的创建和开发，以及进行的研究。目的是将辽代的金属制品情境化。作者代表了一个广泛的研究领域，揭示了当前的保护和保存趋势。这个问题始于劳拉·米娜（Laura Mina）出色的治疗论文，旨在减少纺织品上的定影痕迹。本文着眼于大约1830年左右的一对欧洲流行的亚麻内裤。作者从对所涉物体的物质描述以及其文化和历史意义开始。随后是有关治疗的报告和结果评估。一个有趣的方面是纸张和纺织品保护的交叉。作者指出，很少有出版物涉及纺织品上的混纺问题，因此，本研究中使用的文献和解决方案主要来自纸张保护研究。本期的下两篇文章分别介绍了对塑料和油漆材料进行的物理和机械研究。在他们的研究文章中，Freeman及其合作者讨论了使用纳米压痕表征断面涂料样品力学性能的方法。作者描述了测量规程的开发和优化，该规程为研究嵌入式样品的油漆和树脂表面提供了一种有效的方法。本文清楚地表明了纳米压痕技术在研究艺术家材料的粘弹性力学性能方面的优势和局限性。作者还认识到，扩大测试材料的范围并开发数学模型将有助于更好地了解文化遗产材料的长期行为，并支持开发保护者的预测工具。对于在档案馆和图书馆工作的保育人员和科学家来说，了解保藏材料的物理性质仍然是一项主要的研究任务。此外，霍尔和合著者在将聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（PET）用作纸基物体的封装材料时，应特别注意其性能。作者指出，尽管使用PET膜进行封装可以帮助保护对象免受环境影响，但较小的蒸汽和气体仍会渗透到聚合物膜中，从而增加了损坏对象的风险。渗透可以在两个方向发生：进入或流出密封剂。作者感兴趣的是，要考虑各种变量，例如PET膜的厚度以及胶囊内部与其环境之间的蒸汽压差，来确定水从胶囊中渗透的速率。他们还讨论了相对湿度在这些过程中的重要作用。Pearlstein和Johnson的论文通过在伊拉克埃尔比勒的伊拉克古物保护研究所进行的案例研究，介绍了一种记录和存档保护教育和培训的方法。该工作的重点是2008-2017年，包括历史研究，口头访谈以及由特拉华大学灾难研究中心维护的研究档案的创建。作者讨论了他们的方法论方法的优缺点，这些方法论着诸如依赖调查数据，寻找调查参与者以及结果可访问性之类的问题。尽管如此，作者还是解释了口述历史访谈是如何为上述机构的发展提供有价值的见解的，并有可能将其方法论应用于其他冲突后地区。该案例研究表明，分享保护专业知识对促进人道主义救济和发展的重要性。Mayberger的最后一篇文章介绍了技术研究对MFA Boston收藏中的辽代金属制品的重要贡献。鉴于最近的考古发现，重新评估了契丹镀金金属的三个示例，使得人们对这些物品有了新的认识，体现了复杂的文化和物质传播的历史。每件豪华的陪葬品（铜制鞍座，一副镀金的银靴子和镀金的银冠）通过其制造，材料和装饰性词汇表达契丹精英地位和对来世的信念。这项研究的目的是将数十年的技术分析和保存历史与艺术史和考古学证据结合起来，确立材料分析在理解博物馆考古收藏中不可或缺的作用。Bottkol和Campbell（JAIC）在2018年AIC年度会议的会议上介绍了该文件：“材料转让和翻译”以及“收集馆藏：在国家公园管理局谈判物质价值” 每件豪华的陪葬品（铜制鞍座，一副镀金的银靴子和镀金的银冠）通过其制造，材料和装饰性词汇表达契丹精英地位和对来世的信念。这项研究的目的是将数十年的技术分析和保存历史与艺术史和考古学证据结合在一起，确立材料分析在理解博物馆考古收藏品中不可或缺的作用。Bottkol和Campbell（JAIC）在2018年AIC年度会议的会议上介绍了该文件：“材料转让和翻译”以及“收集馆藏：在国家公园管理局谈判物质价值” 每件豪华的陪葬品（铜制鞍座，一副镀金的银靴子和镀金的银冠）通过其制造，材料和装饰性词汇表达契丹精英地位和对来世的信念。这项研究的目的是将数十年的技术分析和保存历史与艺术史和考古学证据结合在一起，确立材料分析在理解博物馆考古收藏品方面的不可或缺的作用。Bottkol和Campbell（JAIC）在2018年AIC年度会议的会议上介绍了该文件：“材料转让和翻译”以及“收集馆藏：在国家公园管理局谈判物质价值” 和镀金银皇冠）通过其制造，材料和装饰性词汇表达契丹精英地位和对来世的信念。这项研究的目的是将数十年的技术分析和保存历史与艺术史和考古学证据结合起来，确立材料分析在理解博物馆考古收藏中不可或缺的作用。Bottkol和Campbell（JAIC）在2018年AIC年度会议的会议上介绍了该文件：“材料转让和翻译”以及“收集馆藏：在国家公园管理局谈判物质价值” 和镀金银色皇冠）通过其制造，材料和装饰性词汇表达契丹精英地位和对来世的信念。这项研究的目的是将数十年的技术分析和保存历史与艺术史和考古学证据结合在一起，确立材料分析在理解博物馆考古收藏品中不可或缺的作用。Bottkol和Campbell（JAIC）在2018年AIC年度会议的会议上介绍了该文件：“材料转让和翻译”以及“收集馆藏：在国家公园管理局谈判物质价值” 建立材料分析在理解博物馆考古收藏中的不可或缺的作用。Bottkol和Campbell（JAIC）在2018年AIC年度会议的会议上介绍了该文件：“材料转让和翻译”以及“收集馆藏：在国家公园管理局谈判物质价值” 建立材料分析在理解博物馆考古收藏中的不可或缺的作用。Bottkol和Campbell（JAIC）在2018年AIC年度会议的会议上介绍了该文件：“材料转让和翻译”以及“收集馆藏：在国家公园管理局谈判物质价值”