The archaeology of rice has made important methodological advances over the past decade that have contributed new data on the domestication process, spread and ecology of cultivation. Growing evidence from spikelet bases indicates that non-shattering, domesticated forms evolved gradually in the Yangtze basin and that there were at least two distinct processes around the Middle Yangtze region pre-dating 6000 BC, and the in the Lower Yangtze region between 6000 and 4000 BC. Early rice cultivation in these areas was based on wet field ecologies, in contrast to rainfed rice that is indicated among the earliest systems in India. When rice first spread north it was not entirely suited to shorter temperate summer growth seasons, and we are able to infer from high levels of apparently green-harvested spikelets that genetic adaptations to temperate conditions evolved after 2000 BC. When rice first spread south, to mainland Southeast Asia, after 2500 BC, it was grown in rainfed, dry ecologies that were less labour- demanding and less-productive. More productive and intensive irrigated rice then redeveloped in Southeast Asia around 2000 years ago, supporting growing population densities and social complexity.

中文翻译：

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亚洲稻米多样化的途径

在过去的十年中，水稻考古学在方法学上取得了重要进展，为驯化过程，传播和栽培生态学提供了新的数据。来自小穗基的越来越多的证据表明，不破碎的驯化形式在长江流域逐渐发展，并且在扬子中部地区至少在公元前6000年之前存在至少两个不同的过程，而在扬子中下游地区至少在6000到4000年之间出现了这种过程。公元前。这些地区的早期稻米种植是基于湿地生态学，与印度最早的系统中的雨养稻米相反。当水稻第一次向北扩散时，并不完全适合较短的温带夏季生长季节，并且我们可以从高水平的显然是绿色收获的小穗中推断出，对温带条件的遗传适应是在公元前2000年后发生的。公元前2500年后，大米第一次向南传播到东南亚大陆时，便是在雨养，干燥的生态环境中种植的，这些生态系统对劳动力的需求较低，而生产力却较低。然后在2000年前后在东南亚重新开发了高产，高强度的灌溉水稻，这支持了人口密度和社会复杂性的增长。