Antibiotics are critically important for treating microbial infections. Conventional antibiotics are intrinsically compromised by risk of cultivating antimicrobial resistance, poor bioavailability, toxicity, frequent dosing regimens, and poor patient compliance. Physiological barriers are an important driver of many of these shortcomings. Nanoscale carriers delivering antibiotics, termed nanomedicines, could equip next-generation antimicrobial therapies with enhanced potency, improved patient compliance, and circumvent physiological barriers and antimicrobial resistance. This review describes critical barriers for antimicrobial performance and elucidates design principles for efficacious antimicrobial nanomedicines. Examples of this approach in respiratory, central nervous system, and hepatic infections are provided.

抗生素对于治疗微生物感染至关重要。传统的抗生素会因培养抗菌素耐药性，生物利用度差，毒性，频繁给药方案以及患者依从性差的风险而受到内在损害。生理障碍是其中许多缺点的重要驱动因素。提供抗生素的纳米级载体（称为纳米药物）可以为下一代抗微生物疗法提供增强的功效，改善的患者依从性，并规避生理障碍和抗微生物剂耐药性。这篇综述描述了抗菌性能的关键障碍，并阐明了有效的抗菌纳米药物的设计原则。提供了在呼吸道，中枢神经系统和肝脏感染中使用这种方法的示例。