ABSTRACT Studies have consistently found that fathers continue to be excluded from mainstream clinical social work practice when clinicians do not actively encourage their participation either because of lack of knowledge of how to engage fathers or biases against considering father involvement important. This holds especially true of immigrant and refugee fathers. With the majority of research studies focused on women and their children, a tremendous gap exists for male refugees and immigrants. Immigrant males and fathers in particular tend to be either forgotten or excluded from mainstream research. A significant gender bias exists in refugee research with less attention paid to boys, men, and fathers. This article provides an overview of the essential role of fathers in child development, the barriers that immigrant fathers face, their resilience through the immigration process, and how clinicians can establish a father-inclusive practice. A review will be presented on (1) the essential role of fathers in child development, (2) demographics of immigrant fathers, (3) the shifting of paternal roles and family structures, (4) social stressors and barriers for immigrant fathers, (5) the resilience of immigrant fathers, (6) barriers for fathers in clinical practice, (7) guidelines for father-inclusive practice, using a culturally informed socioecological family systems model.

中文翻译：

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父亲的基本作用：与移民和难民家庭一起建立包容父亲的实践方法

摘要研究一直发现，当临床医生由于缺乏与父亲打交道的知识或对认为父亲参与重要的偏见而没有积极鼓励其参与时，父亲仍然被排除在主流临床社会工作实践之外。对于移民和难民父亲来说尤其如此。由于大多数研究集中于妇女及其子女，因此男性难民和移民之间存在巨大差距。特别是移民男性和父亲往往被遗忘或被主流研究排斥。难民研究中存在严重的性别偏见，对男孩，男人和父亲的关注较少。本文概述了父亲在儿童发展中的重要作用，移民父亲面临的障碍，他们在移民过程中的应变能力，以及临床医生如何建立父亲式包容性实践。将对以下方面进行审查：（1）父亲在儿童发展中的基本作用;（2）移民父亲的人口统计;（3）父亲角色和家庭结构的转变;（4）移民父亲的社会压力和障碍，（ 5）移民父亲的适应力，（6）父亲在临床实践中遇到的障碍，（7）使用具有文化背景的社会生态家庭系统模型进行的父亲包容性实践指南。