ABSTRACT We consider the foundations of the widely recognized reputation of the Pomors as experts in dealing with the severe and unpredictable marine environment of the White and Barents Seas. Our research focuses on the history of Russian exploitation of Spitsbergen. Though these kinds of activities occupied only 1% of maritime shipping in the Russian North, the history of exploitation of this Arctic archipelago is contextualized within the history of the Russian North and the lives of its people. Thus, it provides an informative model for general understanding of the methods and structures Pomors used to control the marine environment. The paper is based on newly discovered documents that allowed us to analyse the social and property status of organizers and participants in Spitsbergen hunting. We also consider practices linked to trip organization and supply. We argue that an understanding of Spitsbergen hunting management reveals the general principals of Pomor mastery of the Arctic environment. Flexibility and decentralization of economic activities permitted peasants of the Russian North to demonstrate stable and positive economic results under severe conditions. This could easily have been perceived as a special ability to live in the Arctic.

中文翻译：

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掌握北极海洋环境：十八世纪波莫尔狩猎远征斯瓦尔巴群岛（斯匹次卑尔根）的组织实践

摘要 我们认为，作为处理白海和巴伦支海严峻和不可预测的海洋环境的专家，波莫尔人享有广泛认可的声誉的基础。我们的研究重点是俄罗斯对斯匹次卑尔根的开采历史。尽管此类活动仅占俄罗斯北部航运的 1%，但这个北极群岛的开发历史与俄罗斯北部的历史及其人民的生活息息相关。因此，它为一般理解 Pomors 用于控制海洋环境的方法和结构提供了一个信息模型。该论文基于新发现的文件，这些文件使我们能够分析斯匹次卑尔根狩猎活动的组织者和参与者的社会和财产状况。我们还考虑与旅行组织和供应相关的做法。我们认为，对斯匹次卑尔根狩猎管理的理解揭示了 Pomor 掌握北极环境的一般原则。经济活动的灵活性和权力下放使俄罗斯北部的农民能够在严峻的条件下表现出稳定和积极的经济成果。这很容易被认为是一种在北极生活的特殊能力。