ABSTRACT Although the challenges of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) have become apparent in middle-income countries, the making of these systems has not been systematically theorised and compared. This article discusses such processes in Brazil ―a recognised emerging economy, and Chile― one of the last economies to join the high income group. The former has built a standardised TVET system dominated by both the state and companies. In the latter, the standardisation of TVET is low and neither the state nor companies are very active. Drawing on international and the national literatures, the article points at two important factors that have significantly shaped TVET systems in these countries. Firstly, the international agenda has contributed to expanding these systems within the wider framework of lifelong learning policies. Secondly, endogenous sequences of political change and institutional consolidation have configured particular arrangements in each country. Currently, Brazil and Chile face major challenges in integrating sub-sectors of TVET and overcoming inequalities.

中文翻译：

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在中等收入国家建立TVET系统：对巴西和智利的见解

摘要尽管中等收入国家已经明显面临技术和职业教育与培训（TVET）的挑战，但尚未对这些系统的构建进行系统的理论化和比较。本文讨论了巴西（公认的新兴经济体和智利）加入高收入群体的最后一个经济体中的此类过程。前者建立了由州和公司主导的标准化TVET系统。在后者中，TVET的标准化程度很低，国家和公司都不是很活跃。本文利用国际和国内文献，指出了在这些国家显着影响TVET系统的两个重要因素。首先，国际议程为在终身学习政策的更广泛框架内扩展这些系统做出了贡献。其次，内在的政治变革和体制合并的顺序在每个国家构成了特殊的安排。目前，巴西和智利在整合职业技术教育与培训的子行业和克服不平等方面面临重大挑战。