ABSTRACT This paper develops a theory of how democratic governance is possible. It analyses democracy as a laminated system consisting of three interdependent levels – the political/institutional, the social/interactional, and the psychological/intrapsychic – each of which is necessary for the others to exist. Each level is subject to a regulatory principle that is necessary for it to function appropriately. At the political/institutional level, competing political parties must be governed by the regulatory principle of ‘loser’s consent,’ in which the losing party must agree to cede power to the winning party. At the social/interactional level individuals from opposing political parties must be governed by the regulatory principle of a superordinate identity as citizen, which allows them to transcend their partisan political identities. At the psychological/intrapsychic level individuals must be governed by the regulatory principle of mutuality/thirdness which allows the possibility of an alternative to the binary identities that result from the doer/done-to position.

中文翻译：

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民主怎么可能？批判现实主义者，社会心理学和心理动力学方法

摘要本文提出了一种关于民主治理如何可能的理论。它把民主分析为一个由三个相互依存的层次组成的分层系统，即政治/制度，社会/互动和心理/心智三个层面，而每个层面对于其他层面的存在都是必不可少的。每个级别均受其正常运行所必需的监管原则的约束。在政治/机构层面，竞争政党必须遵守“失败者同意”的监管原则，在该原则中，败诉方必须同意将权力移交给获胜方。在社会/互动一级，对立政党的个人必须受制于作为公民的上级身份的管理原则，这使他们能够超越党派政治身份。