During World War I, the German-American press became a lightning rod for anti-German sentiment. New rules required German-language papers to supply English translations, and many publications faced bankruptcy. Some of the most strident attacks came from English-language journalists. Analysis of content of German-language newspapers reveals how editors of those newspapers positioned their publications during World War I, responded to attacks from other journalists, and how they articulated their professional stance in relation to loyalty to the government. Questions about journalists’ obligations to expressions of patriotism and support of their government have arisen on a regular basis up to the present, and this research helps shed light on how notions of journalistic independence are reconciled with a sense of patriotic obligation.

中文翻译：

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“最好暂停出版”：第一次世界大战期间的德美媒体和反德歇斯底里

第一次世界大战期间，德裔美国媒体成为反德情绪的避雷针。新规定要求德语论文提供英语翻译，许多出版物面临破产。一些最尖锐的攻击来自英语记者。对德语报纸内容的分析揭示了这些报纸的编辑在第一次世界大战期间如何定位他们的出版物，如何回应其他记者的攻击，以及他们如何阐明他们对政府忠诚的专业立场。迄今为止，关于记者表达爱国主义和支持政府的义务的问题经常出现，这项研究有助于阐明新闻独立的概念如何与爱国义务感相协调。