Television news broadcasting evolved rapidly in the United Kingdom in the 1990s. All aspects of the newscast changed and broadcasting became properly marketized. There were clear societal driving and restraining forces at play in the UK during this time. Key driving forces, including competition, new technology, and American consultants spurred on television news development. Restraining forces, such as a resistance to change, money, unions and a fear of Americanization slowed down development. The 1991 Independent Television franchise auction and the privatization movement were both driving and restraining forces. Rich data were derived from primary sources, in particular archival material from the Frank N. Magid Associates European archives and in-depth interviews with Magid staff and UK journalists active in the 1990s.

中文翻译：

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驱动与约束力：1990年代英国广播新闻的市场化

1990 年代，英国的电视新闻广播发展迅速。新闻广播的各个方面都发生了变化，广播开始适当地市场化。在此期间，英国存在明显的社会驱动力和约束力。包括竞争、新技术和美国顾问在内的主要驱动力推动了电视新闻的发展。限制力量，例如抵制变革、金钱、工会和对美国化的恐惧，减缓了发展。1991 年独立电视特许经营权拍卖和私有化运动既是驱动力又是抑制力。丰富的数据来自主要来源，特别是来自 Frank N. Magid Associates 欧洲档案馆的档案材料，以及对 Magid 员工和活跃于 1990 年代的英国记者的深入采访。