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Courbet’s The Bathers and the “Hottentot Venus”: destabilizing whiteness in the mid-nineteenth-century nude
Word & Image Pub Date : 2019-01-02 , DOI: 10.1080/02666286.2018.1515575
Katherine Brion

Abstract The virulent criticism leveled at Édouard Manet’s Olympia in 1865 has come to be seen as a clear-cut case of “shading meaning”: the presence of the black woman metaphorically darkening the white woman with insinuations of depraved sexuality and disease, leading at least one critic to brand Olympia a “Hottentot Venus.” This article demonstrates that a fuller, more nuanced understanding of this epithet can be gained by examining the critical reaction to an earlier “scandal” painting, Gustave Courbet’s The Bathers (1853). Though Courbet’s work contained only pale-skinned women, no less a critic than Théophile Gautier labeled its central figure a “Hottentot Venus.” Analysis of this distinct, yet parallel, textual and pictorial episode reveals what otherwise remained unspoken: the extent to which racial difference was a constitutive element of the idealized, classicizing nude in mid-century French painting, regardless of the skin color of the represented figures. The Bathers, like Olympia, caused a scandal because it denaturalized whiteness—the assumed superiority of European bodies and aesthetic norms that was visualized by the ideal nude and reinforced by its critical reception—by creating a representational space where “white” bodies could be “shaded” by race, sexuality, and class. The critics’ invocation of the Hottentot Venus was therefore an attempt to exoticize and reject bodies that were all at once unacceptable and dangerously familiar: in other words, to reject the “contamination” that was always, already, at the heart of whiteness.

中文翻译:

库尔贝特的《泳客》和“霍滕特金星”:破坏了十九世纪中叶裸体的白度

摘要1865年,在爱德华·马奈(ÉdouardManet)的奥林匹亚(Olympia)进行的激烈批评已被视为“阴影意义”的明确案例:黑人妇女的存在隐喻性堕落,使白人女性陷入堕落的性与疾病的阴影,至少导致一位评论家称奥林匹亚为“霍滕特金星”。本文表明,通过研究对早期“丑闻”画作的古斯塔夫·库尔贝特的《泳客》(The Bathers,1853年)的批判性反应,可以对这句话有更全面,更细微的了解。尽管库尔贝特的作品仅包含肤色白皙的女性,但批评家不亚于ThéophileGautier将其中心人物称为“霍滕特金星”。对这一截然不同但平行的文字和图画情节的分析揭示了在其他方面尚未说过的话:无论代表人物的肤色如何,种族差异在本世纪中叶法国绘画中理想化,经典化裸体的构成元素的程度。像奥林匹亚一样,沐浴者之所以引起丑闻,是因为它使白色变得不自然(通过理想的裸体形象形象化了欧洲身体和美学规范的假定优势,并通过批判性的接受得到了强化),创造了一个具有代表性的空间,其中“白色”身体可能是“被种族,性别和阶级遮蔽”。因此,批评家援引霍滕托特维纳斯的尝试是试图异化并拒绝那些既是无法接受的又是危险的熟悉的身体:换句话说,就是拒绝已经白皙的核心的“污染”。不论所代表人物的肤色如何。像奥林匹亚一样,沐浴者之所以引起丑闻,是因为它使白色变得不自然(通过理想的裸体形象形象化了欧洲身体和美学规范的假定优势,并通过批判性的接受得到了强化),创造了一个具有代表性的空间,其中“白色”身体可能是“被种族,性别和阶级遮蔽”。因此,批评家援引霍滕托特维纳斯的尝试是试图异化并拒绝那些既是无法接受的又是危险的熟悉的身体:换句话说,就是拒绝已经白皙的核心的“污染”。不论所代表人物的肤色如何。像奥林匹亚一样,沐浴者之所以引起丑闻,是因为它使白色变得不自然(通过理想的裸体形象形象化了欧洲身体和美学规范的假定优势,并通过批判性的接受得到了强化),创造了一个具有代表性的空间,其中“白色”身体可能是“被种族,性别和阶级遮蔽”。因此,批评家援引霍滕托特维纳斯的尝试是试图异化并拒绝那些既是无法接受的又是危险的熟悉的身体:换句话说,就是拒绝已经白皙的核心的“污染”。之所以引起丑闻,是因为它使白化变得不自然(通过理想的裸体形象形象化了欧洲身体和美学规范的假定优势,并通过批判性接受加强了这种感觉),创造了一个具有代表性的空间,使“白”身可以被种族,性别“遮盖”和课程。因此,批评家援引霍滕托特维纳斯的尝试是试图异化并拒绝那些既是无法接受的又是危险的熟悉的身体:换句话说,就是拒绝已经白皙的核心的“污染”。之所以引起丑闻,是因为它使白化变得不自然(通过理想的裸体形象形象化了欧洲身体和美学规范的假定优势,并通过批判性接受加强了这种感觉),创造了一个具有代表性的空间,使“白”身可以被种族,性别“遮盖”和课程。因此,批评家援引霍滕托特维纳斯的尝试是试图异化并拒绝那些既是无法接受的又是危险的熟悉的身体:换句话说,就是拒绝已经白皙的核心的“污染”。
更新日期:2019-01-02
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