Abstract This paper examines the implications of recent developments in U.S. intercountry adoption (ICA) policy for vulnerable children. We review policy and practices from 2004-2018, including (1) the 2008 implementation of the Hague Convention and (2) the 2017 changes in Hague accrediting entities for adoption agencies. By analyzing the ICA contexts of the top five States of origin, we argue the decline in ICA is from factors within States of origin rather than U.S. policy. Though ICA benefits individual children’s development, it can cause harm at a systems level, so the decline in ICA has mixed implications for vulnerable children.

中文翻译：

---

自 2004 年达到顶峰以来美国跨国收养政策的发展

摘要 本文探讨了美国跨国收养 (ICA) 政策对弱势儿童的最新发展的影响。我们回顾了 2004 年至 2018 年的政策和做法，包括 (1) 2008 年海牙公约的实施和 (2) 2017 年海牙收养机构认证实体的变化。通过分析前五个原籍国的 ICA 背景，我们认为 ICA 的下降来自原籍国内部的因素，而不是美国的政策。尽管 ICA 有利于个别儿童的发展，但它可能会在系统层面造成伤害，因此 ICA 的下降对弱势儿童的影响是复杂的。