ABSTRACT Shared symbols are an essential element in nationalist mobilisation. National symbols provide perhaps the strongest, clearest statement of national identity and are socially constructed. The effectiveness of these symbols will determine the success or failure of a political and cultural project. The effectiveness of cultural and political symbols can be seen through examination of the project of pan-Catalanism, the Països Catalans (the Catalan-speaking countries). This political project is rather unusual in the nationalist literature in being unable to advance beyond an embryonic stage. While cultural affinity can be determined within the Catalan-speaking territories, a wider claim to pan-Catalan political identity has foundered. This article argues that the absence of a shared attachment to national symbols in Catalonia, Valencia, the Balearics and other Catalan-speaking areas, provides the principal explanation why successful nation building has not been achieved.

中文翻译：

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当国家象征分裂时：泛加泰罗尼亚主义和 Països Catalans 的案例

摘要 共享符号是民族主义动员的基本要素。国家象征也许是对国家认同最有力、最清晰的陈述，并且是社会建构的。这些符号的有效性将决定一个政治和文化项目的成败。通过考察泛加泰罗尼亚主义项目 Països Catalans（讲加泰罗尼亚语的国家），可以看出文化和政治符号的有效性。这个政治计划在民族主义文学中相当不寻常，因为它无法超越萌芽阶段。虽然可以在讲加泰罗尼亚语的领土内确定文化亲和力，但对泛加泰罗尼亚政治身份的更广泛主张已经失败。本文认为，在加泰罗尼亚、瓦伦西亚，缺乏对国家象征的共同依恋，