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Prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and genotyping of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli in foods of cattle origin, diarrheic cattle, and diarrheic humans in Egypt
Gut Pathogens ( IF 4.2 ) Pub Date : 2021-02-05 , DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00402-y
Walid Elmonir , Samar Shalaan , Amin Tahoun , Samy F. Mahmoud , Etab M. Abo Remela , Radwa Eissa , Hanem El-Sharkawy , Mustafa Shukry , Rasha N. Zahran

Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is a pathotype of E. coli that causes enteric and systemic diseases ranging from diarrhoea to severe hemorrhagic colitis (HC) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) STEC from cattle sources has increased public health risk and limited treatment options. The prevalence of STEC was investigated in 200 raw food samples (milk and beef samples) and 200 diarrheic samples (cattle and human samples) in a matched region. The presence of stx genes (stx1 and stx2), carbapenemase-encoding genes (blaVIM, blaNDM-1, and blaIMP), and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-encoding genes (blaTEM group, blaCTX-M1 group, and blaOXA-1 group) was screened by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiogram and Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR were also conducted. STEC isolates were identified in 6.5% (13/200) of food samples [6% (6/100) of milk and 7% (7/100) of beef samples] and in 11% (22/200) of diarrheic cases [12% (12/100) of cattle and 10% (10/100) of human samples]. We found that O26 (4.5%, 18/400) and O111 (1.5%, 6/400) were the most prevalent STEC serovars and were found more commonly in diarrheic samples. STEC strains with both stx genes, stx2 only, and stx1 only genotypes were present in 62.9% (22/35), 20% (7/35), and 17.1% (6/35) of isolates, respectively. Carbapenemase-producing STEC (CP STEC) isolates were found in 1.8% (7/400) of samples [0.5% (1/200) of foods and 3% (6/200) of diarrheic cases]. The blaVIM gene was detected in all CP STEC isolates, and one human isolate carried the blaNDM-1 gene. ESBL-producing STEC strains were detected in 4.3% (17/400) of samples [1.5% (3/200) of food samples and 7% (14/200) of diarrheic cases]. The blaTEM, blaCTX-M1, and blaOXA-1 genes were detected in 42.9% (15/35), 28.6% (10/35), and 2.9% (1/35) of STEC isolates, respectively. Approximately half (51.4%, 18/35) of STEC isolates were MDR STEC; all CP STEC and ESBL-producing STEC were also MDR STEC. The highest antimicrobial resistance rates were found against nalidixic acid (51.4%) and ampicillin (48.6%), whereas the lowest rates were reported against gentamicin (5.7%) and ciprofloxacin (11.4%). MDR STEC strains were 5.3 times more likely to be found in diarrheic cases than in foods (P = 0.009, 95% CI 1.5–18.7). ERIC-PCR was used for genotyping STEC isolates into 27 different ERIC-types (ETs) with a discrimination index of 0.979. Five ETs showed clusters of 2–4 identical isolates that shared the same virulence and antibiotic resistance genetic profile. Human isolates matched food isolates in two of these ET clusters (the O26 CP STEC cluster and the O111 STEC cluster), highlighting the potential cross-species zoonotic transmission of these pathogens and/or their genes in the study region. This is the first detection of CP STEC in milk and diarrheic cattle in Egypt.

中文翻译:

埃及牛源,腹泻牛和腹泻人食品中产生志贺毒素的大肠杆菌的流行率,抗药性和基因分型

产生志贺毒素的大肠杆菌(STEC)是一种大肠杆菌的致病型,可导致从腹泻到严重的出血性结肠炎(HC)和溶血性尿毒症候群(HUS)的肠道和全身性疾病。来自牛源的多药耐药性(MDR)STEC的出现增加了公共卫生风险,并且治疗选择有限。在匹配区域内对200个生食样品(牛奶和牛肉样品)和200个腹泻样品(牛和人样品)中的STEC进行了调查。存在stx基因(stx1和stx2),碳青霉烯酶编码基因(blaVIM,blaNDM-1和blaIMP)和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)编码基因(blaTEM组,blaCTX-M1组和blaOXA) (-1组)通过聚合酶链反应(PCR)筛选。还进行了抗菌素和肠细菌重复基因间共有(ERIC)-PCR。在6.5%(13/200)的食物样本中[6%(6/100)牛奶和7%(7/100)的牛肉样本]和11%(22/200)的腹泻病例中发现了STEC分离株[ 12%(12/100)的牛和10%(10/100)的人类样品]。我们发现O26(4.5%,18/400)和O111(1.5%,6/400)是最常见的STEC血清型,在腹泻样品中更常见。具有stx基因,仅stx2和仅stx1基因型的STEC菌株分别在分离株中占62.9%(22/35),20%(7/35)和17.1%(6/35)。在1.8%(7/400)的样品中发现了产生碳青霉烯酶的STEC(CP STEC)分离株[0.5%(1/200)的食物和3%(6/200)的腹泻病例]。在所有CP STEC分离株中均检测到blaVIM基因,其中一个人类分离株带有blaNDM-1基因。在4.3%(17/400)的样品中检测到产生ESBL的STEC菌株[1。5%(3/200)的食物样本和7%(14/200)的腹泻病例]。分别在42.9%(15/35),28.6%(10/35)和2.9%(1/35)的STEC分离物中检测到blaTEM,blaCTX-M1和blaOXA-1基因。大约一半(51.4%,18/35)的STEC分离株是MDR STEC。所有CP STEC和生产ESBL的STEC都是MDR STEC。耐萘啶酸(51.4%)和氨苄青霉素(48.6%)的耐药率最高,而庆大霉素(5.7%)和环丙沙星(11.4%)的耐药率最低。腹泻病例中发现MDR STEC菌株的可能性是食品中的5.3倍(P = 0.009,95%CI 1.5-18.7)。ERIC-PCR用于将STEC分离株基因型识别为27种不同的ERIC类型(ETs),鉴别指数为0.979。5个ET表现出2–4个相同分离株的簇,它们具有相同的毒力和抗生素抗性遗传特征。人类分离株与这些ET簇中的两个(O26 CP STEC簇和O111 STEC簇)中的食物分离株相匹配,突显了这些病原体和/或其基因在研究区域中潜在的跨物种人畜共患病传播。这是在埃及的牛奶和腹泻牛中首次检测到CP STEC。
更新日期:2021-02-05
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